Machine Learning Production Systems

Spis treści książki

• Foreword
• Preface
  • Who Should Read This Book
  • Why We Wrote This Book
  • Navigating This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
    • Robert
    • Hannes
    • Emily
    • Di
• 1. Introduction to Machine Learning Production Systems
  • What Is Production Machine Learning?
  • Benefits of Machine Learning Pipelines
    • Focus on Developing New Models, Not on Maintaining Existing Models
    • Prevention of Bugs
    • Creation of Records for Debugging and Reproducing Results
    • Standardization
    • The Business Case for ML Pipelines
  • When to Use Machine Learning Pipelines
  • Steps in a Machine Learning Pipeline
    • Data Ingestion and Data Versioning
    • Data Validation
    • Feature Engineering
    • Model Training and Model Tuning
    • Model Analysis
    • Model Deployment
  • Looking Ahead
• 2. Collecting, Labeling, and Validating Data
  • Important Considerations in Data Collection
  • Responsible Data Collection
  • Labeling Data: Data Changes and Drift in Production ML
  • Labeling Data: Direct Labeling and Human Labeling
  • Validating Data: Detecting Data Issues
  • Validating Data: TensorFlow Data Validation
    • Skew Detection with TFDV
    • Types of Skew
  • Example: Spotting Imbalanced Datasets with TensorFlow Data Validation
  • Conclusion
• 3. Feature Engineering and Feature Selection
  • Introduction to Feature Engineering
  • Preprocessing Operations
  • Feature Engineering Techniques
    • Normalizing and Standardizing
    • Bucketizing
    • Feature Crosses
    • Dimensionality and Embeddings
    • Visualization
  • Feature Transformation at Scale
    • Choose a Framework That Scales Well
    • Avoid TrainingServing Skew
    • Consider Instance-Level Versus Full-Pass Transformations
  • Using TensorFlow Transform
    • Analyzers
    • Code Example
  • Feature Selection
    • Feature Spaces
    • Feature Selection Overview
    • Filter Methods
    • Wrapper Methods
      • Forward selection
      • Backward elimination
      • Recursive feature elimination
      • Code example
    • Embedded Methods
    • Feature and Example Selection for LLMs and GenAI
  • Example: Using TF Transform to Tokenize Text
    • Benefits of Using TF Transform
    • Alternatives to TF Transform
  • Conclusion
• 4. Data Journey and Data Storage
  • Data Journey
  • ML Metadata
  • Using a Schema
    • Schema Development
    • Schema Environments
    • Changes Across Datasets
  • Enterprise Data Storage
    • Feature Stores
      • Metadata
      • Precomputed features
      • Time travel
    • Data Warehouses
    • Data Lakes
  • Conclusion
• 5. Advanced Labeling, Augmentation, and Data Preprocessing
  • Advanced Labeling
    • Semi-Supervised Labeling
      • Label propagation
      • Sampling techniques
    • Active Learning
      • Margin sampling
      • Other sampling techniques
    • Weak Supervision
    • Advanced Labeling Review
  • Data Augmentation
    • Example: CIFAR-10
    • Other Augmentation Techniques
    • Data Augmentation Review
  • Preprocessing Time Series Data: An Example
    • Windowing
    • Sampling
  • Conclusion
• 6. Model Resource Management Techniques
  • Dimensionality Reduction: Dimensionality Effect on Performance
    • Example: Word Embedding Using Keras
    • Curse of Dimensionality
    • Adding Dimensions Increases Feature Space Volume
    • Dimensionality Reduction
      • Three approaches
      • Algorithmic dimensionality reduction
      • Principal component analysis
  • Quantization and Pruning
    • Mobile, IoT, Edge, and Similar Use Cases
    • Quantization
      • Benefits and process of quantization
      • MobileNets
      • Post-training quantization
      • Quantization-aware training
      • Comparing results
      • Example: Quantizing models with TF Lite
    • Optimizing Your TensorFlow Model with TF Lite
    • Optimization Options
    • Pruning
      • The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis
      • Pruning in TensorFlow
  • Knowledge Distillation
    • Teacher and Student Networks
    • Knowledge Distillation Techniques
    • TMKD: Distilling Knowledge for a Q&A Task
    • Increasing Robustness by Distilling EfficientNets
  • Conclusion
• 7. High-Performance Modeling
  • Distributed Training
    • Data Parallelism
      • Synchronous versus asynchronous training
      • Distribution awareness
      • Tf.distribute: Distributed training in TensorFlow
        • OneDeviceStrategy
        • MirroredStrategy
        • ParameterServerStrategy
        • Fault tolerance
  • Efficient Input Pipelines
    • Input Pipeline Basics
    • Input Pipeline Patterns: Improving Efficiency
    • Optimizing Your Input Pipeline with TensorFlow Data
      • Prefetching
      • Parallelizing data transformation
      • Caching
  • Training Large Models: The Rise of Giant Neural Nets and Parallelism
    • Potential Solutions and Their Shortcomings
      • Gradient accumulation
      • Swapping
      • Parallelism, revisited in the context of giant neural nets
    • Pipeline Parallelism to the Rescue?
  • Conclusion
• 8. Model Analysis
  • Analyzing Model Performance
    • Black-Box Evaluation
    • Performance Metrics and Optimization Objectives
  • Advanced Model Analysis
    • TensorFlow Model Analysis
    • The Learning Interpretability Tool
  • Advanced Model Debugging
    • Benchmark Models
    • Sensitivity Analysis
      • Random attacks
      • Partial dependence plots
      • Vulnerability to attacks
        • Measuring model vulnerability
        • Hardening your models
    • Residual Analysis
  • Model Remediation
  • Discrimination Remediation
  • Fairness
    • Fairness Evaluation
      • True/false positive/negative rates
      • Accuracy and AUC
    • Fairness Considerations
  • Continuous Evaluation and Monitoring
  • Conclusion
• 9. Interpretability
  • Explainable AI
  • Model Interpretation Methods
    • Method Categories
      • Intrinsic or post hoc?
      • Model specific or model agnostic?
      • Local or global?
    • Intrinsically Interpretable Models
      • Feature importance
      • Lattice models
    • Model-Agnostic Methods
      • Partial dependence plots
      • Permutation feature importance
    • Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations
    • Shapley Values
    • The SHAP Library
    • Testing Concept Activation Vectors
    • AI Explanations
      • Integrated gradients
      • XRAI
  • Example: Exploring Model Sensitivity with SHAP
    • Regression Models
    • Natural Language Processing Models
  • Conclusion
• 10. Neural Architecture Search
  • Hyperparameter Tuning
  • Introduction to AutoML
  • Key Components of NAS
    • Search Spaces
      • Macro search space
      • Micro search space
    • Search Strategies
    • Performance Estimation Strategies
      • Simple approach to performance estimation
      • More efficient performance estimation
  • AutoML in the Cloud
    • Amazon SageMaker Autopilot
    • Microsoft Azure Automated Machine Learning
    • Google Cloud AutoML
  • Using AutoML
  • Generative AI and AutoML
  • Conclusion
• 11. Introduction to Model Serving
  • Model Training
  • Model Prediction
  • Latency
  • Throughput
  • Cost
  • Resources and Requirements for Serving Models
    • Cost and Complexity
    • Accelerators
    • Feeding the Beast
  • Model Deployments
    • Data Center Deployments
    • Mobile and Distributed Deployments
  • Model Servers
  • Managed Services
  • Conclusion
• 12. Model Serving Patterns
  • Batch Inference
    • Batch Throughput
    • Batch Inference Use Cases
      • Product recommendations
      • Sentiment analysis
      • Demand forecasting
    • ETL for Distributed Batch and Stream Processing Systems
  • Introduction to Real-Time Inference
    • Synchronous Delivery of Real-Time Predictions
    • Asynchronous Delivery of Real-Time Predictions
    • Optimizing Real-Time Inference
  • Real-Time Inference Use Cases
  • Serving Model Ensembles
    • Ensemble Topologies
    • Example Ensemble
    • Ensemble Serving Considerations
    • Model Routers: Ensembles in GenAI
  • Data Preprocessing and Postprocessing in Real Time
    • Training Transformations Versus Serving Transformations
    • Windowing
    • Options for Preprocessing
    • Enter TensorFlow Transform
    • Postprocessing
  • Inference at the Edge and at the Browser
    • Challenges
      • Balancing energy consumption with processing power
      • Performing model retraining and updates
      • Securing the user data
    • Model Deployments via Containers
    • Training on the Device
    • Federated Learning
    • Runtime Interoperability
    • Inference in Web Browsers
  • Conclusion
• 13. Model Serving Infrastructure
  • Model Servers
    • TensorFlow Serving
      • Servables
      • Servable versions
      • Models
      • Loaders
      • Sources
      • Aspired versions
      • Managers
      • Core
    • NVIDIA Triton Inference Server
    • TorchServe
  • Building Scalable Infrastructure
  • Containerization
    • Traditional Deployment Era
    • Virtualized Deployment Era
    • Container Deployment Era
    • The Docker Containerization Framework
      • Docker daemon
      • Docker client
      • Docker registry
      • Docker objects
      • Docker image
      • Docker container
    • Container Orchestration
      • Kubernetes
      • Kubernetes components
      • Containers on clouds
      • Kubeflow
  • Reliability and Availability Through Redundancy
    • Observability
    • High Availability
    • Automated Deployments
  • Hardware Accelerators
    • GPUs
    • TPUs
  • Conclusion
• 14. Model Serving Examples
  • Example: Deploying TensorFlow Models with TensorFlow Serving
    • Exporting Keras Models for TF Serving
    • Setting Up TF Serving with Docker
    • Basic Configuration of TF Serving
    • Making Model Prediction Requests with REST
    • Making Model Prediction Requests with gRPC
    • Getting Predictions from Classification and Regression Models
    • Using Payloads
    • Getting Model Metadata from TF Serving
    • Making Batch Inference Requests
  • Example: Profiling TF Serving Inferences with TF Profiler
    • Prerequisites
    • TensorBoard Setup
    • Model Profile
  • Example: Basic TorchServe Setup
    • Installing the TorchServe Dependencies
    • Exporting Your Model for TorchServe
    • Setting Up TorchServe
      • Request handlers
      • TorchServe configuration
    • Making Model Prediction Requests
    • Making Batch Inference Requests
      • Setting batch configuration via config.properties
      • Setting batch configuration via REST request
  • Conclusion
• 15. Model Management and Delivery
  • Experiment Tracking
    • Experimenting in Notebooks
    • Experimenting Overall
      • Not just one big file
      • Tracking runtime parameters
    • Tools for Experiment Tracking and Versioning
      • TensorBoard
      • Tools for organizing experiment results
  • Introduction to MLOps
    • Data Scientists Versus Software Engineers
    • ML Engineers
    • ML in Products and Services
    • MLOps
  • MLOps Methodology
    • MLOps Level 0
    • MLOps Level 1
    • MLOps Level 2
    • Components of an Orchestrated Workflow
  • Three Types of Custom Components
    • Python FunctionBased Components
    • Container-Based Components
    • Fully Custom Components
  • TFX Deep Dive
    • TFX SDK
    • Intermediate Representation
    • Runtime
    • Implementing an ML Pipeline Using TFX Components
    • Advanced Features of TFX
      • Component dependency
        • Data dependency
        • Task dependency
      • Importer
      • Conditional execution
  • Managing Model Versions
    • Approaches to Versioning Models
      • Versioning proposal
      • Arbitrary grouping
      • Black-box functional model
      • Pipeline execution versioning
    • Model Lineage
    • Model Registries
  • Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment
    • Continuous Integration
    • Continuous Delivery
  • Progressive Delivery
    • Blue/Green Deployment
    • Canary Deployment
    • Live Experimentation
      • A/B testing
      • Multi-armed bandits
      • Contextual bandits
  • Conclusion
• 16. Model Monitoring and Logging
  • The Importance of Monitoring
  • Observability in Machine Learning
    • What Should You Monitor?
    • Custom Alerting in TFX
  • Logging
  • Distributed Tracing
  • Monitoring for Model Decay
    • Data Drift and Concept Drift
    • Model Decay Detection
    • Supervised Monitoring Techniques
      • Statistical process control
      • Sequential analysis
      • Error distribution monitoring
    • Unsupervised Monitoring Techniques
      • Clustering
      • Feature distribution monitoring
      • Model-dependent monitoring
    • Mitigating Model Decay
  • Retraining Your Model
    • When to Retrain
    • Automated Retraining
  • Conclusion
• 17. Privacy and Legal Requirements
  • Why Is Data Privacy Important?
    • What Data Needs to Be Kept Private?
    • Harms
    • Only Collect What You Need
    • GenAI Data Scraped from the Web and Other Sources
  • Legal Requirements
    • The GDPR and the CCPA
    • The GDPRs Right to Be Forgotten
  • Pseudonymization and Anonymization
  • Differential Privacy
    • Local and Global DP
    • Epsilon-Delta DP
    • Applying Differential Privacy to ML
      • Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent
      • Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles
      • Confidential and Private Collaborative learning
    • TensorFlow Privacy Example
  • Federated Learning
  • Encrypted ML
  • Conclusion
• 18. Orchestrating Machine Learning Pipelines
  • An Introduction to Pipeline Orchestration
    • Why Pipeline Orchestration?
    • Directed Acyclic Graphs
  • Pipeline Orchestration with TFX
    • Interactive TFX Pipelines
    • Converting Your Interactive Pipeline for Production
  • Orchestrating TFX Pipelines with Apache Beam
  • Orchestrating TFX Pipelines with Kubeflow Pipelines
    • Introduction to Kubeflow Pipelines
    • Installation and Initial Setup
    • Accessing Kubeflow Pipelines
    • The Workflow from TFX to Kubeflow
    • OpFunc Functions
    • Orchestrating Kubeflow Pipelines
  • Google Cloud Vertex Pipelines
    • Setting Up Google Cloud and Vertex Pipelines
    • Setting Up a Google Cloud Service Account
    • Orchestrating Pipelines with Vertex Pipelines
    • Executing Vertex Pipelines
  • Choosing Your Orchestrator
    • Interactive TFX
    • Apache Beam
    • Kubeflow Pipelines
    • Google Cloud Vertex Pipelines
  • Alternatives to TFX
  • Conclusion
• 19. Advanced TFX
  • Advanced Pipeline Practices
    • Configure Your Components
    • Import Artifacts
    • Use Resolver Node
    • Execute a Conditional Pipeline
    • Export TF Lite Models
    • Warm-Starting Model Training
    • Use Exit Handlers
    • Trigger Messages from TFX
  • Custom TFX Components: Architecture and Use Cases
    • Architecture of TFX Components
    • Use Cases of Custom Components
  • Using Function-Based Custom Components
  • Writing a Custom Component from Scratch
    • Defining Component Specifications
    • Defining Component Channels
    • Writing the Custom Executor
    • Writing the Custom Driver
    • Assembling the Custom Component
    • Using Our Basic Custom Component
  • Implementation Review
  • Reusing Existing Components
  • Creating Container-Based Custom Components
  • Which Custom Component Is Right for You?
  • TFX-Addons
  • Conclusion
• 20. ML Pipelines for Computer Vision Problems
  • Our Data
  • Our Model
  • Custom Ingestion Component
  • Data Preprocessing
  • Exporting the Model
  • Our Pipeline
    • Data Ingestion
    • Data Preprocessing
    • Model Training
    • Model Evaluation
    • Model Export
    • Putting It All Together
  • Executing on Apache Beam
  • Executing on Vertex Pipelines
  • Model Deployment with TensorFlow Serving
  • Conclusion
• 21. ML Pipelines for Natural Language Processing
  • Our Data
  • Our Model
  • Ingestion Component
  • Data Preprocessing
  • Putting the Pipeline Together
  • Executing the Pipeline
  • Model Deployment with Google Cloud Vertex
    • Registering Your ML Model
    • Creating a New Model Endpoint
    • Deploying Your ML Model
    • Requesting Predictions from the Deployed Model
    • Cleaning Up Your Deployed Model
  • Conclusion
• 22. Generative AI
  • Generative Models
  • GenAI Model Types
  • Agents and Copilots
  • Pretraining
    • Pretraining Datasets
    • Embeddings
    • Self-Supervised Training with Masks
  • Fine-Tuning
    • Fine-Tuning Versus Transfer Learning
    • Fine-Tuning Datasets
    • Fine-Tuning Considerations for Production
    • Fine-Tuning Versus Model APIs
  • Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
    • LoRA
    • S-LoRA
  • Human Alignment
    • Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
    • Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback
    • Direct Preference Optimization
  • Prompting
  • Chaining
  • Retrieval Augmented Generation
  • ReAct
  • Evaluation
    • Evaluation Techniques
    • Benchmarking Across Models
  • LMOps
  • GenAI Attacks
    • Jailbreaks
    • Prompt Injection
  • Responsible GenAI
    • Design for Responsibility
    • Conduct Adversarial Testing
    • Constitutional AI
  • Conclusion
• 23. The Future of Machine Learning Production Systems and Next Steps
  • Lets Think in Terms of ML Systems, Not ML Models
  • Bringing ML Systems Closer to Domain Experts
  • Privacy Has Never Been More Important
  • Conclusion
• Index

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