Unix Power Tools. 3rd Edition

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• UNIX Power Tools, 3rd Edition
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • How to Use This Book
  • Preface
    • A Book for Browsing
    • Like an Almanac
    • Like a News Magazine
    • Like a Hypertext Database
    • Programs on the Web
    • About Unix Versions
    • Cross-References
    • Whats New in the Third Edition
    • Typefaces and Other Conventions
    • The Authors
    • The Fine Print
    • Request for Comments
    • Acknowledgments for the First Edition
    • Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
    • Acknowledgments for the Third Edition
  • I. Basic Unix Environment
    • 1. Introduction
      • 1.1. What's Special About Unix?
      • 1.2. Power Grows on You
      • 1.3. The Core of Unix
      • 1.4. Communication with Unix
      • 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
      • 1.6. There Are Many Shells
      • 1.7. Which Shell Am I Running?
      • 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
      • 1.9. Internal and External Commands
      • 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
      • 1.11. Filenames
      • 1.12. Filename Extensions
      • 1.13. Wildcards
      • 1.14. The Tree Structure of the Filesystem
      • 1.15. Your Home Directory
      • 1.16. Making Pathnames
      • 1.17. File Access Permissions
      • 1.18. The Superuser (Root)
      • 1.19. When Is a File Not a File?
      • 1.20. Scripting
      • 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
      • 1.22. The X Window System
    • 2. Getting Help
      • 2.1. The man Command
      • 2.2. whatis: One-Line Command Summaries
      • 2.3. whereis: Finding Where a Command Is Located
      • 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
      • 2.5. How Unix Systems Remember Their Names
      • 2.6. Which Version Am I Using?
      • 2.7. What tty Am I On?
      • 2.8. Who's On?
      • 2.9. The info Command
  • II. Customizing Your Environment
    • 3. Setting Up Your Unix Shell
      • 3.1. What Happens When You Log In
      • 3.2. The Mac OS X Terminal Application
      • 3.3. Shell Setup Files Which, Where, and Why
      • 3.4. Login Shells, Interactive Shells
        • 3.4.1. Login Shells
        • 3.4.2. Interactive Shells
      • 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
      • 3.6. Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready
      • 3.7. Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files
      • 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
      • 3.9. Gotchas in set prompt Test
      • 3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
      • 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM
      • 3.12. Terminal Setup: Testing Remote Hostname and X Display
      • 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
      • 3.14. Terminal Setup: Testing Environment Variables
      • 3.15. Terminal Setup: Searching Terminal Table
      • 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size
      • 3.17. Terminal Setup: Setting and Testing Window Name
      • 3.18. A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup
      • 3.19. Making a "Login" Shell
      • 3.20. RC Files
      • 3.21. Make Your Own Manpages Without Learning troff
      • 3.22. Writing a Simple Manpage with the -man Macros
    • 4. Interacting with Your Environment
      • 4.1. Basics of Setting the Prompt
      • 4.2. Static Prompts
      • 4.3. Dynamic Prompts
      • 4.4. Simulating Dynamic Prompts
      • 4.5. C-Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc.
      • 4.6. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins
      • 4.7. Multiline Shell Prompts
      • 4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
      • 4.9. A "Menu Prompt" for Naive Users
      • 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
      • 4.11. Right-Side Prompts
      • 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL
      • 4.13. What Good Is a Blank Shell Prompt?
      • 4.14. dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd
      • 4.15. External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables
      • 4.16. Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands
      • 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out
      • 4.18. Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout
      • 4.19. Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts
    • 5. Getting the Most out of Terminals, xterm, and X Windows
      • 5.1. There's a Lot to Know About Terminals
      • 5.2. The Idea of a Terminal Database
      • 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
      • 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
      • 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize
      • 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
        • 5.6.1. Output Stopped?
        • 5.6.2. Job Stopped?
        • 5.6.3. Program Waiting for Input?
        • 5.6.4. Stalled Data Connection?
        • 5.6.5. Aborting Programs
      • 5.7. Find Out Terminal Settings with stty
      • 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
      • 5.9. Working with xterm and Friends
      • 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts
      • 5.11. Working with Scrollbars
      • 5.12. How Many Lines to Save?
      • 5.13. Simple Copy and Paste in xterm
      • 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes
      • 5.15. Setting the Titlebar and Icon Text
      • 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
      • 5.17. The xterm Menus
      • 5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
        • 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
        • 5.18.2. Enabling Escape Sequence and Selection
      • 5.19. Working with xclipboard
      • 5.20. Problems with Large Selections
      • 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
      • 5.22. Running a Single Command with xterm -e
      • 5.23. Don't Quote Arguments to xterm -e
    • 6. Your X Environment
      • 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
      • 6.2. Using xev to Learn Keysym Mappings
      • 6.3. X Resource Syntax
      • 6.4. X Event Translations
      • 6.5. Setting X Resources: Overview
      • 6.6. Setting Resources with the -xrm Option
      • 6.7. How -name Affects Resources
      • 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
      • 6.9. Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres
      • 6.10. Starting Remote X Clients
        • 6.10.1. Starting Remote X Clients from Interactive Logins
        • 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  • III. Working with Files and Directories
    • 7. Directory Organization
      • 7.1. What? Me, Organized?
      • 7.2. Many Homes
      • 7.3. Access to Directories
      • 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
      • 7.5. Private (Personal) Directories
      • 7.6. Naming Files
      • 7.7. Make More Directories!
      • 7.8. Making Directories Made Easier
    • 8. Directories and Files
      • 8.1. Everything but the find Command
      • 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
      • 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
      • 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
      • 8.5. The ls -d Option
      • 8.6. Color ls
        • 8.6.1. Trying It
        • 8.6.2. Configuring It
        • 8.6.3. The -- color Option
        • 8.6.4. Another color ls
      • 8.7. Some GNU ls Features
      • 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
      • 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
      • 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
      • 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
      • 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
      • 8.13. Counting Files by Types
      • 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
      • 8.15. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File
      • 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
      • 8.17. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically
    • 9. Finding Files with find
      • 9.1. How to Use find
      • 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
      • 9.3. Don't Forget -print
      • 9.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
      • 9.5. Searching for Old Files
      • 9.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
      • 9.7. The Times That find Finds
      • 9.8. Exact File-Time Comparisons
      • 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
      • 9.10. Using -exec to Create Custom Tests
      • 9.11. Custom -exec Tests Applied
      • 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
      • 9.13. Searching for Files by Type
      • 9.14. Searching for Files by Size
      • 9.15. Searching for Files by Permission
      • 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group
      • 9.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree
      • 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
      • 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
      • 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
      • 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree
      • 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
      • 9.23. Using Shell Arrays to Browse Directories
        • 9.23.1. Using the Stored Lists
        • 9.23.2. Expanding Ranges
      • 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File
      • 9.25. Finding Files with -prune
      • 9.26. Quick finds in the Current Directory
      • 9.27. Skipping Parts of a Tree in find
      • 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem
    • 10. Linking, Renaming, and Copying Files
      • 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files
      • 10.2. What's Really in a Directory?
      • 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
      • 10.4. More About Links
        • 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
        • 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
      • 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
      • 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
      • 10.7. Linking Directories
      • 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
      • 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
      • 10.10. Renaming a List of Files Interactively
      • 10.11. One More Way to Do It
      • 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r
      • 10.13. Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes
    • 11. Comparing Files
      • 11.1. Checking Differences with diff
      • 11.2. Comparing Three Different Versions with diff3
      • 11.3. Context diffs
      • 11.4. Side-by-Side diffs: sdiff
      • 11.5. Choosing Sides with sdiff
      • 11.6. Problems with diff and Tabstops
      • 11.7. cmp and diff
      • 11.8. Comparing Two Files with comm
      • 11.9. More Friendly comm Output
      • 11.10. make Isn't Just for Programmers!
      • 11.11. Even More Uses for make
    • 12. Showing What's in a File
      • 12.1. Cracking the Nut
      • 12.2. What Good Is a cat?
      • 12.3. "less" is More
      • 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
      • 12.5. What's in That Whitespace?
      • 12.6. Finding File Types
      • 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
      • 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
      • 12.9. Finer Control on tail
      • 12.10. How to Look at Files as They Grow
      • 12.11. GNU tail File Following
      • 12.12. Printing the Top of a File
      • 12.13. Numbering Lines
    • 13. Searching Through Files
      • 13.1. Different Versions of grep
      • 13.2. Searching for Text with grep
      • 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
      • 13.4. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
      • 13.5. grepping for a List of Patterns
      • 13.6. Approximate grep: agrep
      • 13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
        • 13.7.1. rcsgrep, rcsegrep, rcsfgrep
        • 13.7.2. rcsegrep.fast
      • 13.8. GNU Context greps
      • 13.9. A Multiline Context grep Using sed
      • 13.10. Compound Searches
      • 13.11. Narrowing a Search Quickly
      • 13.12. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
      • 13.13. Finding a Character in a Column
      • 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
      • 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
      • 13.16. A Highlighting grep
    • 14. Removing Files
      • 14.1. The Cycle of Creation and Destruction
      • 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
      • 14.3. rm and Its Dangers
      • 14.4. Tricks for Making rm Safer
      • 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
      • 14.6. Remove Some, Leave Some
      • 14.7. A Faster Way to Remove Files Interactively
      • 14.8. Safer File Deletion in Some Directories
      • 14.9. Safe Delete: Pros and Cons
      • 14.10. Deletion with Prejudice: rm -f
      • 14.11. Deleting Files with Odd Names
      • 14.12. Using Wildcards to Delete Files with Strange Names
      • 14.13. Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-)
      • 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
      • 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
      • 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
      • 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
      • 14.18. Removing Every File but One
      • 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
    • 15. Optimizing Disk Space
      • 15.1. Disk Space Is Cheap
      • 15.2. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
      • 15.3. Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes
      • 15.4. Save Space with a Link
      • 15.5. Limiting File Sizes
        • 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
        • 15.5.2. Other Ideas
      • 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
      • 15.7. Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree
      • 15.8. How Much Disk Space?
      • 15.9. Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning
      • 15.10. Save Space in Executable Files with strip
      • 15.11. Disk Quotas
  • IV. Basic Editing
    • 16. Spell Checking, Word Counting, and Textual Analysis
      • 16.1. The Unix spell Command
      • 16.2. Check Spelling Interactively with ispell
      • 16.3. How Do I Spell That Word?
      • 16.4. Inside spell
      • 16.5. Adding Words to ispell's Dictionary
      • 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
      • 16.7. Find a a Doubled Word
      • 16.8. Looking for Closure
      • 16.9. Just the Words, Please
    • 17. vi Tips and Tricks
      • 17.1. The vi Editor: Why So Much Material?
      • 17.2. What We Cover
      • 17.3. Editing Multiple Files with vi
      • 17.4. Edits Between Files
      • 17.5. Local Settings for vi
      • 17.6. Using Buffers to Move or Copy Text
      • 17.7. Get Back What You Deleted with Numbered Buffers
      • 17.8. Using Search Patterns and Global Commands
        • 17.8.1. Global Searches
      • 17.9. Confirming Substitutions in vi
      • 17.10. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File
      • 17.11. Saving Part of a File
      • 17.12. Appending to an Existing File
      • 17.13. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
      • 17.14. Useful Global Commands (with Pattern Matches)
      • 17.15. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
      • 17.16. Capitalizing Every Word on a Line
      • 17.17. Per-File Setups in Separate Files
      • 17.18. Filtering Text Through a Unix Command
      • 17.19. vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems
      • 17.20. Be Careful with vi -r Recovered Buffers
      • 17.21. Shell Escapes: Running One UnixCommand While Using Another
      • 17.22. vi Compound Searches
      • 17.23. vi Word Abbreviation
      • 17.24. Using vi Abbreviations as Commands (Cut and Paste Between vi's)
      • 17.25. Fixing Typos with vi Abbreviations
      • 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
      • 17.27. Out of Temporary Space? Use Another Directory
      • 17.28. Neatening Lines
      • 17.29. Finding Your Place with Undo
      • 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
    • 18. Creating Custom Commands in vi
      • 18.1. Why Type More Than You Have To?
      • 18.2. Save Time and Typing with the vi map Commands
        • 18.2.1. Command Mode Maps
        • 18.2.2. Text-Input Mode Maps
      • 18.3. What You Lose When You Use map!
      • 18.4. vi @-Functions
        • 18.4.1. Defining and Using Simple @-Functions
        • 18.4.2. Combining @-Functions
        • 18.4.3. Reusing a Definition
        • 18.4.4. Newlines in an @-Function
      • 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
      • 18.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
      • 18.7. Maps for Repeated Edits
      • 18.8. More Examples of Mapping Keys in vi
      • 18.9. Repeating a vi Keymap
      • 18.10. Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK
      • 18.11. Text-Input Mode Cursor Motion with No Arrow Keys
      • 18.12. Don't Lose Important Functions with vi Maps: Use noremap
      • 18.13. vi Macro for Splitting Long Lines
      • 18.14. File-Backup Macros
    • 19. GNU Emacs
      • 19.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
      • 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
      • 19.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
      • 19.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
      • 19.5. Putting Emacs in Overwrite Mode
      • 19.6. Command Completion
      • 19.7. Mike's Favorite Timesavers
      • 19.8. Rational Searches
      • 19.9. Unset PWD Before Using Emacs
      • 19.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
      • 19.11. Using Word-Abbreviation Mode
        • 19.11.1. Trying Word Abbreviations for One Session
        • 19.11.2. Making Word Abbreviations Part of Your Startup
      • 19.12. Directories for Emacs Hacks
      • 19.13. An Absurd Amusement
    • 20. Batch Editing
      • 20.1. Why Line Editors Aren't Dinosaurs
      • 20.2. Writing Editing Scripts
      • 20.3. Line Addressing
      • 20.4. Useful ex Commands
      • 20.5. Running Editing Scripts Within vi
      • 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
      • 20.7. ed/ex Batch Edits: A Typical Example
      • 20.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Fail on Big Files
      • 20.9. patch: Generalized Updating of Files That Differ
      • 20.10. Quick Reference: awk
        • 20.10.1. Command-Line Syntax
        • 20.10.2. Patterns and Procedures
          • 20.10.2.1. Patterns
          • 20.10.2.2. Procedures
          • 20.10.2.3. Simple pattern-procedure examples
        • 20.10.3. awk System Variables
        • 20.10.4. Operators
        • 20.10.5. Variables and Array Assignments
        • 20.10.6. Group Listing of awk Commands
        • 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
      • 20.11. Versions of awk
    • 21. You Can't Quite Call This Editing
      • 21.1. And Why Not?
      • 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
      • 21.3. Alternatives to fmt
      • 21.4. Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
        • 21.4.1. The recomment Script
        • 21.4.2. fmt -p
      • 21.5. Remove Mail/News Headers with behead
      • 21.6. Low-Level File Butchery with dd
      • 21.7. offset: Indent Text
      • 21.8. Centering Lines in a File
      • 21.9. Splitting Files at Fixed Points: split
      • 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
      • 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
      • 21.12. Encoding "Binary" Files into ASCII
        • 21.12.1. uuencoding
        • 21.12.2. MIME Encoding
      • 21.13. Text Conversion with dd
      • 21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields
      • 21.15. Making Text in Columns with pr
        • 21.15.1. One File per Column: -m
        • 21.15.2. One File, Several Columns: -number
        • 21.15.3. Order Lines Across Columns: -l
      • 21.16. Make Columns Automatically with column
      • 21.17. Straightening Jagged Columns
      • 21.18. Pasting Things in Columns
      • 21.19. Joining Lines with join
      • 21.20. What Is (or Isn't) Unique?
      • 21.21. Rotating Text
    • 22. Sorting
      • 22.1. Putting Things in Order
      • 22.2. Sort Fields: How sort Sorts
      • 22.3. Changing the sort Field Delimiter
      • 22.4. Confusion with Whitespace Field Delimiters
      • 22.5. Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting
      • 22.6. Miscellaneous sort Hints
        • 22.6.1. Dealing with Repeated Lines
        • 22.6.2. Ignoring Blanks
        • 22.6.3. Case-Insensitive Sorts
        • 22.6.4. Dictionary Order
        • 22.6.5. Month Order
        • 22.6.6. Reverse Sort
      • 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
      • 22.8. Sorting a List of People by Last Name
  • V. Processes and the Kernel
    • 23. Job Control
      • 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
      • 23.2. Job Control Basics
        • 23.2.1. How Job Control Works
        • 23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
      • 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
      • 23.4. Some Gotchas with Job Control
      • 23.5. The "Current Job" Isn't Always What You Expect
      • 23.6. Job Control and autowrite: Real Timesavers!
      • 23.7. System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs
      • 23.8. Notification When Jobs Change State
      • 23.9. Stop Background Output with stty tostop
      • 23.10. nohup
      • 23.11. Disowning Processes
      • 23.12. Linux Virtual Consoles
        • 23.12.1. What Are They?
        • 23.12.2. Scrolling, Using a Mouse
      • 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions
    • 24. Starting, Stopping, and Killing Processes
      • 24.1. What's in This Chapter
      • 24.2. fork and exec
      • 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
      • 24.4. Subshells
      • 24.5. The ps Command
      • 24.6. The Controlling Terminal
      • 24.7. Tracking Down Processes
        • 24.7.1. System V
        • 24.7.2. BSD
      • 24.8. Why ps Prints Some Commands in Parentheses
      • 24.9. The /proc Filesystem
        • 24.9.1. Memory Information
        • 24.9.2. Kernel and System Statistics
        • 24.9.3. Statistics of the Current Process
        • 24.9.4. Statistics of Processes by PID
        • 24.9.5. A Glimpse at Hardware
      • 24.10. What Are Signals?
      • 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
      • 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill
      • 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script
      • 24.14. Killing All Your Processes
      • 24.15. Killing Processes by Name?
      • 24.16. Kill Processes Interactively
        • 24.16.1. killall -i
        • 24.16.2. zap
      • 24.17. Processes Out of Control? Just STOP Them
      • 24.18. Cleaning Up an Unkillable Process
      • 24.19. Why You Can't Kill a Zombie
      • 24.20. The Process Chain to Your Window
      • 24.21. Terminal Windows Without Shells
      • 24.22. Close a Window by Killing Its Process(es)
        • 24.22.1. Example #1: An xterm Window
        • 24.22.2. Example #2: A Web Browser
        • 24.22.3. Closing a Window from a Shell Script
    • 25. Delayed Execution
      • 25.1. Building Software Robots the Easy Way
      • 25.2. Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility
        • 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
        • 25.2.2. A Little Help, etc.
      • 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
      • 25.4. Including Standard Input Within a cron Entry
      • 25.5. The at Command
      • 25.6. Making Your at Jobs Quiet
      • 25.7. Checking and Removing Jobs
      • 25.8. Avoiding Other at and cron Jobs
      • 25.9. Waiting a Little While: sleep
    • 26. System Performance and Profiling
      • 26.1. Timing Is Everything
      • 26.2. Timing Programs
      • 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?
      • 26.4. Checking System Load: uptime
      • 26.5. Know When to Be "nice" to Other Users...and When Not To
        • 26.5.1. BSD C Shell nice
        • 26.5.2. BSD Standalone nice
        • 26.5.3. System V C Shell nice
        • 26.5.4. System V Standalone nice
      • 26.6. A nice Gotcha
      • 26.7. Changing a Running Job's Niceness
  • VI. Scripting
    • 27. Shell Interpretation
      • 27.1. What the Shell Does
      • 27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
      • 27.3. What's a Shell, Anyway?
        • 27.3.1. How Shells Run Other Programs
        • 27.3.2. Interactive Use Versus Shell Scripts
        • 27.3.3. Types of Shells
        • 27.3.4. Shell Search Paths
        • 27.3.5. Bourne Shell Used Here
        • 27.3.6. Default Commands
      • 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
      • 27.5. Output Command-Line Arguments One by One
      • 27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
      • 27.7. Wildcards Inside Aliases
      • 27.8. eval: When You Need Another Chance
      • 27.9. Which One Will bash Use?
      • 27.10. Which One Will the C Shell Use?
      • 27.11. Is It "2>&1 file" or "> file 2>&1"? Why?
      • 27.12. Bourne Shell Quoting
        • 27.12.1. Special Characters
        • 27.12.2. How Quoting Works
        • 27.12.3. Single Quotes Inside Single Quotes?
        • 27.12.4. Multiline Quoting
      • 27.13. Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting
        • 27.13.1. Special Characters
        • 27.13.2. How Quoting Works
      • 27.14. Quoting Special Characters in Filenames
      • 27.15. Verbose and Echo Settings Show Quoting
      • 27.16. Here Documents
      • 27.17. "Special" Characters and Operators
      • 27.18. How Many Backslashes?
    • 28. Saving Time on the Command Line
      • 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
      • 28.2. Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL-r
      • 28.3. Use Wildcards to Create Files?
      • 28.4. Build Strings with { }
      • 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
      • 28.6. Automatic Completion
        • 28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion
        • 28.6.2. Menu Completion
        • 28.6.3. Command-Specific Completion
        • 28.6.4. Editor Functions for Completion
      • 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
      • 28.8. Repeating Commands
      • 28.9. Repeating and Varying Commands
        • 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
        • 28.9.2. A for Loop
      • 28.10. Repeating a Command with Copy-and-Paste
      • 28.11. Repeating a Time-Varying Command
      • 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
      • 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters
      • 28.14. Command Substitution
      • 28.15. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
      • 28.16. Separating Commands with Semicolons
      • 28.17. Dealing with Too Many Arguments
      • 28.18. Expect
        • 28.18.1. Dialback
        • 28.18.2. Automating /bin/passwd
        • 28.18.3. Testing: A Story
        • 28.18.4. Other Problems
    • 29. Custom Commands
      • 29.1. Creating Custom Commands
      • 29.2. Introduction to Shell Aliases
      • 29.3. C-Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
      • 29.4. Setting and Unsetting Bourne-Type Aliases
      • 29.5. Korn-Shell Aliases
      • 29.6. zsh Aliases
      • 29.7. Sourceable Scripts
      • 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
      • 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
      • 29.10. Fix Quoting in csh Aliases with makealias and quote
      • 29.11. Shell Function Basics
        • 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
        • 29.11.2. Functions with Loops: Internet Lookup
        • 29.11.3. Setting Current Shell Environment: The work Function
        • 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
        • 29.11.5. Conclusion
      • 29.12. Shell Function Specifics
      • 29.13. Propagating Shell Functions
        • 29.13.1. Exporting bash Functions
        • 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
          • 29.13.2.1. Korn shell
          • 29.13.2.2. zsh
      • 29.14. Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases
    • 30. The Use of History
      • 30.1. The Lessons of History
      • 30.2. History in a Nutshell
      • 30.3. My Favorite Is !$
      • 30.4. My Favorite Is !:n*
      • 30.5. My Favorite Is ^^
      • 30.6. Using !$ for Safety with Wildcards
      • 30.7. History by Number
      • 30.8. History Substitutions
      • 30.9. Repeating a Cycle of Commands
      • 30.10. Running a Series of Commands on a File
      • 30.11. Check Your History First with :p
      • 30.12. Picking Up Where You Left Off
        • 30.12.1. bash, ksh, zsh
        • 30.12.2. C Shells
      • 30.13. Pass History to Another Shell
      • 30.14. Shell Command-Line Editing
        • 30.14.1. vi Editing Mode
        • 30.14.2. Emacs Editing Mode
        • 30.14.3. tcsh Editing
        • 30.14.4. ksh Editing
        • 30.14.5. bash Editing
        • 30.14.6. zsh Editing
      • 30.15. Changing History Characters with histchars
      • 30.16. Instead of Changing History Characters
    • 31. Moving Around in a Hurry
      • 31.1. Getting Around the Filesystem
      • 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
      • 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
      • 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
      • 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
      • 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
      • 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands
      • 31.8. Nice Aliases for pushd
      • 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases
      • 31.10. cd by Directory Initials
      • 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
      • 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable
      • 31.13. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
    • 32. Regular Expressions (Pattern Matching)
      • 32.1. That's an Expression
      • 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
      • 32.3. Understanding Expressions
      • 32.4. Using Metacharacters in Regular Expressions
      • 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $
      • 32.6. Regular Expressions: Matching a Character with a Character Set
      • 32.7. Regular Expressions: Match Any Character with . (Dot)
      • 32.8. Regular Expressions: Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]
      • 32.9. Regular Expressions: Exceptions in a Character Set
      • 32.10. Regular Expressions: Repeating Character Sets with *
      • 32.11. Regular Expressions: Matching a Specific Number of Sets with \ { and \ }
      • 32.12. Regular Expressions: Matching Words with \ < and \ >
      • 32.13. Regular Expressions: Remembering Patterns with \ (, \ ), and \1
      • 32.14. Regular Expressions: Potential Problems
      • 32.15. Extended Regular Expressions
      • 32.16. Getting Regular Expressions Right
      • 32.17. Just What Does a Regular Expression Match?
      • 32.18. Limiting the Extent of a Match
      • 32.19. I Never Meta Character I Didn't Like
      • 32.20. Valid Metacharacters for Different Unix Programs
      • 32.21. Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples
        • 32.21.1. Examples of Searching
        • 32.21.2. Examples of Searching and Replacing
    • 33. Wildcards
      • 33.1. File-Naming Wildcards
      • 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
      • 33.3. Who Handles Wildcards?
      • 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
      • 33.5. Maybe You Shouldn't Use Wildcards in Pathnames
      • 33.6. Getting a List of Matching Files with grep -l
      • 33.7. Getting a List of Nonmatching Files
        • 33.7.1. Using grep -c
        • 33.7.2. The vgrep Script
      • 33.8. nom: List Files That Don't Match a Wildcard
    • 34. The sed Stream Editor
      • 34.1. sed Sermon^H^H^H^H^H^HSummary
      • 34.2. Two Things You Must Know About sed
      • 34.3. Invoking sed
      • 34.4. Testing and Using a sed Script: checksed, runsed
        • 34.4.1. checksed
        • 34.4.2. runsed
      • 34.5. sed Addressing Basics
      • 34.6. Order of Commands in a Script
      • 34.7. One Thing at a Time
      • 34.8. Delimiting a Regular Expression
      • 34.9. Newlines in a sed Replacement
      • 34.10. Referencing the Search String in a Replacement
      • 34.11. Referencing Portions of a Search String
      • 34.12. Search and Replacement: One Match Among Many
      • 34.13. Transformations on Text
      • 34.14. Hold Space: The Set-Aside Buffer
      • 34.15. Transforming Part of a Line
      • 34.16. Making Edits Across Line Boundaries
      • 34.17. The Deliberate Scrivener
      • 34.18. Searching for Patterns Split Across Lines
      • 34.19. Multiline Delete
      • 34.20. Making Edits Everywhere Except...
      • 34.21. The sed Test Command
      • 34.22. Uses of the sed Quit Command
      • 34.23. Dangers of the sed Quit Command
      • 34.24. sed Newlines, Quoting, and Backslashes in a Shell Script
    • 35. Shell Programming for the Uninitiated
      • 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
      • 35.2. Everyone Should Learn Some Shell Programming
      • 35.3. What Environment Variables Are Good For
      • 35.4. Parent-Child Relationships
      • 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
      • 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
      • 35.7. PATH and path
      • 35.8. The DISPLAY Environment Variable
      • 35.9. Shell Variables
      • 35.10. Test String Values with Bourne-Shell case
      • 35.11. Pattern Matching in case Statements
      • 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
      • 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
      • 35.14. Testing Your Success
      • 35.15. Loops That Test Exit Status
        • 35.15.1. Looping Until a Command Succeeds
        • 35.15.2. Looping Until a Command Fails
      • 35.16. Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)
      • 35.17. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
      • 35.18. read: Reading from the Keyboard
      • 35.19. Shell Script "Wrappers" for awk, sed, etc.
      • 35.20. Handling Command-Line Arguments in Shell Scripts
        • 35.20.1. With the "$@" Parameter
        • 35.20.2. With a Loop
        • 35.20.3. Counting Arguments with $#
      • 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
      • 35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift
      • 35.23. Loop Control: break and continue
      • 35.24. Standard Command-Line Parsing
      • 35.25. The Bourne Shell set Command
        • 35.25.1. Setting Options
        • 35.25.2. Setting (and Parsing) Parameters
        • 35.25.3. (Avoiding?) set with No Arguments
        • 35.25.4. Watch Your Quoting
        • 35.25.5. Can't Set $0
      • 35.26. test: Testing Files and Strings
      • 35.27. Picking a Name for a New Command
      • 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
      • 35.29. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
      • 35.30. Using Shell Functions in Shell Scripts
    • 36. Shell Programming for the Initiated
      • 36.1. Beyond the Basics
      • 36.2. The Story of : # #!
      • 36.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One
      • 36.4. Making #! Search the PATH
      • 36.5. The exec Command
      • 36.6. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
      • 36.7. Parameter Substitution
      • 36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program
      • 36.9. Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
      • 36.10. How to Unset All Command-Line Parameters
      • 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop
      • 36.12. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
      • 36.13. Using basename and dirname
        • 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
        • 36.13.2. Use with Loops
      • 36.14. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
      • 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
      • 36.16. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
      • 36.17. A Shell Can Read a Script from Its Standard Input, but...
      • 36.18. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
      • 36.19. Quoted hereis Document Terminators: sh Versus csh
      • 36.20. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
      • 36.21. Quick Reference: expr
        • 36.21.1. Syntax
        • 36.21.2. Examples
      • 36.22. Testing Characters in a String with expr
      • 36.23. Grabbing Parts of a String
        • 36.23.1. Matching with expr
        • 36.23.2. Using echo with awk or cut
        • 36.23.3. Using set and IFS
        • 36.23.4. Using sed
      • 36.24. Nested Command Substitution
      • 36.25. Testing Two Strings with One case Statement
      • 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
      • 36.27. Shell Lockfile
    • 37. Shell Script Debugging and Gotchas
      • 37.1. Tips for Debugging Shell Scripts
        • 37.1.1. Use -xv
        • 37.1.2. Unmatched Operators
        • 37.1.3. Exit Early
        • 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
        • 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops
      • 37.2. Bourne Shell Debugger Shows a Shell Variable
      • 37.3. Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
      • 37.4. Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests
      • 37.5. Quoting and Command-Line Parameters
      • 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time
      • 37.7. Copy What You Do with script
      • 37.8. Cleaning script Files
      • 37.9. Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing
  • VII. Extending and Managing Your Environment
    • 38. Backing Up Files
      • 38.1. What Is This "Backup" Thing?
      • 38.2. tar in a Nutshell
      • 38.3. Make Your Own Backups
      • 38.4. More Ways to Back Up
      • 38.5. How to Make Backups to a Local Device
        • 38.5.1. What to Back Up
        • 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape
        • 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks
        • 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
      • 38.6. Restoring Files from Tape with tar
        • 38.6.1. Restoring a Few Files
        • 38.6.2. Remote Restoring
      • 38.7. Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive
      • 38.8. Using GNU tar with a Remote Tape Drive
      • 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
      • 38.10. Using Wildcards with tar
        • 38.10.1. Without GNU tar
        • 38.10.2. With GNU tar
        • 38.10.3. Wildcard Gotchas in GNU tar
      • 38.11. Avoid Absolute Paths with tar
      • 38.12. Getting tar's Arguments in the Right Order
      • 38.13. The cpio Tape Archiver
      • 38.14. Industrial Strength Backups
    • 39. Creating and Reading Archives
      • 39.1. Packing Up and Moving
      • 39.2. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives
      • 39.3. GNU tar Sampler
      • 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS
      • 39.5. RCS Basics
      • 39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
      • 39.7. CVS Basics
      • 39.8. More CVS
    • 40. Software Installation
      • 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
      • 40.2. The Challenges of Software Installation on Unix
      • 40.3. Which make?
      • 40.4. Simplifying the make Process
      • 40.5. Using Debian's dselect
        • 40.5.1. Choosing the Access Method
        • 40.5.2. Updating Information on Available Packages
        • 40.5.3. Choosing Packages for Installation or Removal
        • 40.5.4. Exiting the Select Function
        • 40.5.5. Installing Packages
        • 40.5.6. Configuring Packages
        • 40.5.7. Removing Packages
        • 40.5.8. Exiting dselect
      • 40.6. Installing Software with Debian's Apt-Get
        • 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
        • 40.6.2. Using apt-get
          • 40.6.2.1. Updating information on available packages
          • 40.6.2.2. Installing a package
          • 40.6.2.3. Upgrading installed packages
      • 40.7. Interruptable gets with wget
      • 40.8. The curl Application and One-Step GNU-Darwin Auto-Installer for OS X
      • 40.9. Installation with FreeBSD Ports
      • 40.10. Installing with FreeBSD Packages
      • 40.11. Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software
    • 41. Perl
      • 41.1. High-Octane Shell Scripting
      • 41.2. Checking your Perl Installation
      • 41.3. Compiling Perl from Scratch
      • 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
      • 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types
        • 41.5.1. Scalars
        • 41.5.2. Arrays
        • 41.5.3. Hashes
        • 41.5.4. References
      • 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
      • 41.7. Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching
      • 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
      • 41.9. Perl Boot Camp, Part 6: Modules
      • 41.10. Perl Boot Camp, Part 7: perldoc
      • 41.11. CPAN
        • 41.11.1. Installing Modules the Easy Way
        • 41.11.2. Installing Modules the Hard Way
        • 41.11.3. Browsing the CPAN Web Site
      • 41.12. Make Custom grep Commands (etc.) with Perl
      • 41.13. Perl and the Internet
        • 41.13.1. Be Your Own Web Browser with LWP
        • 41.13.2. Sending Mail with Mail::Sendmail
        • 41.13.3. CGI Teaser
    • 42. Python
      • 42.1. What Is Python?
      • 42.2. Installation and Distutils
      • 42.3. Python Basics
        • 42.3.1. Indentation
        • 42.3.2. Functions
        • 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
        • 42.3.4. Modules and Packages
        • 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting
        • 42.3.6. wxPython
      • 42.4. Python and the Web
      • 42.5. urllib
      • 42.6. urllib2
      • 42.7. htmllib and HTMLParser
      • 42.8. cgi
      • 42.9. mod_python
      • 42.10. What About Perl?
  • VIII. Communication and Connectivity
    • 43. Redirecting Input and Output
      • 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
      • 43.2. One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
      • 43.3. Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
      • 43.4. Problems Piping to a Pager
      • 43.5. Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
      • 43.6. Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber
      • 43.7. The ( ) Subshell Operators
        • 43.7.1. Combining Several Commands
        • 43.7.2. Temporary Change of Directory and Environment
      • 43.8. Send Output Two or More Places
      • 43.9. How to tee Several Commands into One Place
      • 43.10. Redirecting Output to More Than One Place
      • 43.11. Named Pipes: FIFOs
      • 43.12. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
    • 44. Devices
      • 44.1. Quick Introduction to Hardware
      • 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
      • 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration
      • 44.4. Disk Partitioning
      • 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab
      • 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
      • 44.7. Loopback Mounts
      • 44.8. Network Devices ifconfig
      • 44.9. Mounting Network Filesystems NFS, SMBFS
      • 44.10. Win Is a Modem Not a Modem?
      • 44.11. Setting Up a Dialup PPP Session
      • 44.12. USB Configuration
      • 44.13. Dealing with Sound Cards and Other Annoying Hardware
      • 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine Serial Consoles
    • 45. Printing
      • 45.1. Introduction to Printing
      • 45.2. Introduction to Printing on Unix
        • 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
        • 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
      • 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
      • 45.4. Using Different Printers
      • 45.5. Using Symbolic Links for Spooling
      • 45.6. Formatting Plain Text: pr
      • 45.7. Formatting Plain Text: enscript
      • 45.8. Printing Over a Network
      • 45.9. Printing Over Samba
        • 45.9.1. Printing to Unix Printers from Windows
        • 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix
      • 45.10. Introduction to Typesetting
      • 45.11. A Bit of Unix Typesetting History
      • 45.12. Typesetting Manpages: nroff
      • 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
      • 45.14. Printing Languages PostScript, PCL, DVI, PDF
      • 45.15. Converting Text Files into a Printing Language
      • 45.16. Converting Typeset Files into a Printing Language
      • 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler
      • 45.18. The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
      • 45.19. The Portable Bitmap Package
    • 46. Connectivity
      • 46.1. TCP/IP IP Addresses and Ports
        • 46.1.1. Internet Protocol (IP)
        • 46.1.2. Layer 4 Protocols: TCP, UDP, and ICMP
      • 46.2. /etc/services Is Your Friend
      • 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
      • 46.4. Where, Oh Where Did That Packet Go?
      • 46.5. The Director of Operations: inetd
      • 46.6. Secure Shell (SSH)
      • 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
      • 46.8. Mail SMTP, POP, and IMAP
      • 46.9. Domain Name Service (DNS)
      • 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
      • 46.11. Gateways and NAT
      • 46.12. Firewalls
      • 46.13. Gatewaying from a Personal LAN over a Modem
    • 47. Connecting to MS Windows
      • 47.1. Building Bridges
      • 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
      • 47.3. Securing Samba
      • 47.4. SWAT and GUI SMB Browsers
      • 47.5. Printing with Samba
      • 47.6. Connecting to SMB Shares from Unix
      • 47.7. Sharing Desktops with VNC
        • 47.7.1. Connecting to a Windows VNC server
        • 47.7.2. Setting up VNC on Unix
      • 47.8. Of Emulators and APIs
        • 47.8.1. VMWare
        • 47.8.2. Wine
      • 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
        • 47.9.1. Citrix Metaframe
        • 47.9.2. rdesktop
        • 47.9.3. Hob
  • IX. Security
    • 48. Security Basics
      • 48.1. Understanding Points of Vulnerability
      • 48.2. CERT Security Checklists
      • 48.3. Keeping Up with Security Alerts
      • 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow
      • 48.5. What We Mean by DoS
      • 48.6. Beware of Sluggish Performance
        • 48.6.1. Check Processes
        • 48.6.2. Checking Swap Space
        • 48.6.3. Check Network Connections
        • 48.6.4. Other Checks
      • 48.7. Intruder Detection
      • 48.8. Importance of MOTD
      • 48.9. The Linux proc Filesystem
      • 48.10. Disabling inetd
      • 48.11. Disallow rlogin and rsh
      • 48.12. TCP Wrappers
    • 49. Root, Group, and User Management
      • 49.1. Unix User/Group Infrastructure
      • 49.2. When Does a User Become a User
      • 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
      • 49.4. Setting an Exact umask
      • 49.5. Group Permissions in a Directory with the setgid Bit
      • 49.6. Groups and Group Ownership
      • 49.7. Add Users to a Group to Deny Permissions
      • 49.8. Care and Feeding of SUID and SGID Scripts
      • 49.9. Substitute Identity with su
      • 49.10. Never Log In as root
      • 49.11. Providing Superpowers with sudo
      • 49.12. Enabling Root in Darwin
      • 49.13. Disable logins
    • 50. File Security, Ownership, and Sharing
      • 50.1. Introduction to File Ownership and Security
      • 50.2. Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions
        • 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
        • 50.2.2. Which Group is Which?
      • 50.3. Who Will Own a New File?
      • 50.4. Protecting Files with the Sticky Bit
      • 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
      • 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator
      • 50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
      • 50.8. cx, cw, c-w: Quick File Permission Changes
      • 50.9. A Loophole: Modifying Files Without Write Access
      • 50.10. A Directory That People Can Access but Can't List
      • 50.11. Juggling Permissions
      • 50.12. File Verification with md5sum
      • 50.13. Shell Scripts Must Be Readable and (Usually) Executable
      • 50.14. Why Can't You Change File Ownership?
      • 50.15. How to Change File Ownership Without chown
    • 51. SSH
      • 51.1. Enabling Remote Access on Mac OS X
      • 51.2. Protecting Access Through SSH
      • 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH
      • 51.4. SSH Problems and Solutions
      • 51.5. General and Authentication Problems
      • 51.6. Key and Agent Problems
      • 51.7. Server and Client Problems
  • Glossary
  • Index
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly

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