A+, Network+, Security+ Exams in a Nutshell. A Desktop Quick Reference

Spis treści książki

• A+, Network+, Security+ Exams in a Nutshell
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • Preface
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Other Study Resources
    • How to Contact Us
    • Acknowledgments
  • I. A+ Essentials
    • 1. Overview of A+ Essentials Exam
      • 1.1. Areas of Study for the A+ Essentials Exam
        • 1.1.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 1.1.2. Laptops and Portable Devices
        • 1.1.3. Operating Systems
        • 1.1.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 1.1.5. Networks
        • 1.1.6. Security
        • 1.1.7. Safety and Environmental Issues
        • 1.1.8. Communication and Professionalism
    • 2. A+ Essentials Study Guide
      • 2.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 2.1.1. Components of Motherboards
          • 2.1.1.1. Form Factors
          • 2.1.1.2. Components of motherboards
            • 2.1.1.2.1. Chipsets
            • 2.1.1.2.2. BIOS/Firmware
            • 2.1.1.2.3. Memory slots
            • 2.1.1.2.4. External cache memory
            • 2.1.1.2.5. Processor sockets
            • 2.1.1.2.6. Integrated I/O ports
            • 2.1.1.2.7. Expansion bus slots
            • 2.1.1.2.8. Floppy disk and hard disk connectors
            • 2.1.1.2.9. Power supply connectors
          • 2.1.1.3. Power supplies
            • 2.1.1.3.1. Power supply connectors
          • 2.1.1.4. Processors
            • 2.1.1.4.1. Characteristics of processors
          • 2.1.1.5. Memory
            • 2.1.1.5.1. Error checking in memory
            • 2.1.1.5.2. Types of memory
            • 2.1.1.5.3. Memory modules
          • 2.1.1.6. Storage devices
            • 2.1.1.6.1. Floppy disk drives
            • 2.1.1.6.2. Hard disk drives
            • 2.1.1.6.3. CD-ROM drives
            • 2.1.1.6.4. CD burners
            • 2.1.1.6.5. DVD-ROM drives
            • 2.1.1.6.6. DVD burners
            • 2.1.1.6.7. Tape drives
            • 2.1.1.6.8. Flash memory
            • 2.1.1.6.9. External disk drives
          • 2.1.1.7. Display devices
            • 2.1.1.7.1. Video technologies
            • 2.1.1.7.2. Types of monitors
          • 2.1.1.8. Input devices
            • 2.1.1.8.1. Mouse
            • 2.1.1.8.2. Keyboard
            • 2.1.1.8.3. Barcode reader
            • 2.1.1.8.4. Multimedia devices
            • 2.1.1.8.5. Biometric devices
            • 2.1.1.8.6. Touch screen
          • 2.1.1.9. Adapter cards
            • 2.1.1.9.1. Video card
            • 2.1.1.9.2. Network card
            • 2.1.1.9.3. Sound card
            • 2.1.1.9.4. Modem card
            • 2.1.1.9.5. I/O cards
          • 2.1.1.10. Types of port connectors
            • 2.1.1.10.1. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
            • 2.1.1.10.2. Firewire
            • 2.1.1.10.3. Parallel
            • 2.1.1.10.4. Serial
            • 2.1.1.10.5. RJ-Series
            • 2.1.1.10.6. PS/2 (mini-DIN)
            • 2.1.1.10.7. Centronics
            • 2.1.1.10.8. A/V jacks
          • 2.1.1.11. Cooling systems
            • 2.1.1.11.1. Fans
            • 2.1.1.11.2. CPU cooling
        • 2.1.2. Installing, Configuring, and Optimizing Personal Computer Components
          • 2.1.2.1. Installing storage devices
            • 2.1.2.1.1. Drive preparation
          • 2.1.2.2. Installing/upgrading display devices
          • 2.1.2.3. Installing and removing input/multimedia devices
        • 2.1.3. Troubleshooting Tools and Procedures
          • 2.1.3.1. Basic troubleshooting theory
          • 2.1.3.2. Basic diagnostic procedures
          • 2.1.3.3. Basic troubleshooting tools
            • 2.1.3.3.1. Hardware tools
            • 2.1.3.3.2. Software tools and utilities
          • 2.1.3.4. Identifying problems
            • 2.1.3.4.1. Motherboard and CPU problems
            • 2.1.3.4.2. Power supply problems
            • 2.1.3.4.3. Memory problems
            • 2.1.3.4.4. Problems with display devices
            • 2.1.3.4.5. Problems with input devices
            • 2.1.3.4.6. Hard disk problems
            • 2.1.3.4.7. CD/DVD problems
            • 2.1.3.4.8. Adapter card problems
        • 2.1.4. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 2.1.4.1. Scheduling preventive maintenance
          • 2.1.4.2. Visual and audio inspection
          • 2.1.4.3. Driver and firmware updates
          • 2.1.4.4. Heat and temperature
          • 2.1.4.5. Humidity
          • 2.1.4.6. PM for display devices
          • 2.1.4.7. PM for power supply
          • 2.1.4.8. PM for input devices
          • 2.1.4.9. PM for storage devices
          • 2.1.4.10. PM for motherboards, memory, and adapters
      • 2.2. Laptops and Portable Devices
        • 2.2.1. Overview of Laptop Components
          • 2.2.1.1. Motherboards
          • 2.2.1.2. Processors
          • 2.2.1.3. Power supplies
          • 2.2.1.4. Memory
            • 2.2.1.4.1. Small Outline-Dual In-line Memory Module (SO-DIMM)
            • 2.2.1.4.2. Micro Dual In-line Memory Module (MicroDIMM)
          • 2.2.1.5. Display devices
            • 2.2.1.5.1. LCD technologies
            • 2.2.1.5.2. LCD resolution and aspect ratio
            • 2.2.1.5.3. Native resolution
            • 2.2.1.5.4. Contrast ratio
          • 2.2.1.6. Storage devices
            • 2.2.1.6.1. Hard drive
            • 2.2.1.6.2. CD/DVD drives
            • 2.2.1.6.3. Floppy drive
          • 2.2.1.7. Input devices
            • 2.2.1.7.1. Keyboards
            • 2.2.1.7.2. Pointing devices
          • 2.2.1.8. Expansion buses and ports
            • 2.2.1.8.1. Mini PCI
            • 2.2.1.8.2. Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA)
            • 2.2.1.8.3. ExpressBus
            • 2.2.1.8.4. USB ports
            • 2.2.1.8.5. Mouse and keyboard port
            • 2.2.1.8.6. Monitor port
            • 2.2.1.8.7. Communication ports
          • 2.2.1.9. Docking station
        • 2.2.2. Power Management and Device Removal
          • 2.2.2.1. Overview of ACPI standards
          • 2.2.2.2. Power options in Windows
          • 2.2.2.3. Removing laptop-specific hardware
        • 2.2.3. Troubleshooting Laptops
          • 2.2.3.1. Power problems
          • 2.2.3.2. Input problems
          • 2.2.3.3. Display problems
          • 2.2.3.4. Networking problems
          • 2.2.3.5. Problems with external devices
        • 2.2.4. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 2.2.4.1. Operating environment
          • 2.2.4.2. Handling
      • 2.3. Operating Systems
        • 2.3.1. Overview of Operating Systems
          • 2.3.1.1. Windows
            • 2.3.1.1.1. Windows 1
            • 2.3.1.1.2. Windows 2
            • 2.3.1.1.3. Windows 3.x
            • 2.3.1.1.4. Windows 3.1
            • 2.3.1.1.5. Windows 3.11
            • 2.3.1.1.6. Windows 95
            • 2.3.1.1.7. Windows 98, Windows ME, and Windows NT
            • 2.3.1.1.8. Windows 2000
            • 2.3.1.1.9. Windows XP
            • 2.3.1.1.10. Windows Server 2003
            • 2.3.1.1.11. Windows Vista
          • 2.3.1.2. MAC OS X
          • 2.3.1.3. Linux
          • 2.3.1.4. Working with Windows interfaces
            • 2.3.1.4.1. Windows desktop
            • 2.3.1.4.2. Taskbar
            • 2.3.1.4.3. Start menu
            • 2.3.1.4.4. Desktop icons
          • 2.3.1.5. Control Panel
          • 2.3.1.6. The System Control Panel
          • 2.3.1.7. Windows Registry
            • 2.3.1.7.1. Registry Editor
          • 2.3.1.8. Virtual memory
          • 2.3.1.9. Windows system files
          • 2.3.1.10. Managing disks
            • 2.3.1.10.1. Basic disks
            • 2.3.1.10.2. Dynamic disks
            • 2.3.1.10.3. Creating partitions
            • 2.3.1.10.4. Converting from Basic disk to Dynamic disk
            • 2.3.1.10.5. Converting from Dynamic disk to Basic disk
            • 2.3.1.10.6. Filesystems
          • 2.3.1.11. Managing files and folders
            • 2.3.1.11.1. File extensions
            • 2.3.1.11.2. File attributes
            • 2.3.1.11.3. File permissions
        • 2.3.2. Installing and Configuring Operating Systems
          • 2.3.2.1. Installing the operating system
            • 2.3.2.1.1. Minimum hardware requirements
            • 2.3.2.1.2. Hardware compatibility
            • 2.3.2.1.3. Installation methods
            • 2.3.2.1.4. Installation options
            • 2.3.2.1.5. Disk partition
          • 2.3.2.2. Installing Windows XP Professional
            • 2.3.2.2.1. Text mode
            • 2.3.2.2.2. GUI mode
            • 2.3.2.2.3. Installing over the network
          • 2.3.2.3. Installing Windows 2000 Professional
            • 2.3.2.3.1. Completing post-installation tasks
          • 2.3.2.4. Upgrading an operating system
            • 2.3.2.4.1. Available upgrade paths
            • 2.3.2.4.2. Checking hardware compatibility
            • 2.3.2.4.3. Checking application compatibility
            • 2.3.2.4.4. Installing additional Windows components
            • 2.3.2.4.5. Network compatibility
            • 2.3.2.4.6. Upgrade utility
            • 2.3.2.4.7. Backing up user data
            • 2.3.2.4.8. Performing the upgrade
          • 2.3.2.5. Installing devices and drivers
            • 2.3.2.5.1. Identifying the PnP and non-PnP devices
            • 2.3.2.5.2. Permissions and rights
            • 2.3.2.5.3. Driver signing
            • 2.3.2.5.4. Obtaining device drivers
            • 2.3.2.5.5. Connecting the device
            • 2.3.2.5.6. Installing and configuring the driver
            • 2.3.2.5.7. Adding devices in Windows 2000
            • 2.3.2.5.8. Adding devices in Windows XP
            • 2.3.2.5.9. Verifying device driver installation
          • 2.3.2.6. Optimizing performance
            • 2.3.2.6.1. Virtual memory
            • 2.3.2.6.2. Defragmenting hard disks
            • 2.3.2.6.3. Temporary files
            • 2.3.2.6.4. Configuring services
        • 2.3.3. Troubleshooting Techniques
          • 2.3.3.1. Understanding boot sequence
            • 2.3.3.1.1. Pre-boot sequence
            • 2.3.3.1.2. Boot sequence
            • 2.3.3.1.3. Kernel Load and initialization
            • 2.3.3.1.4. Logon process
          • 2.3.3.2. Understanding the Advanced Boot Options
          • 2.3.3.3. Recovery Console
          • 2.3.3.4. System Restore (Windows XP)
          • 2.3.3.5. Automated System Recovery (Windows XP)
          • 2.3.3.6. Emergency Repair Disk (Windows 2000)
          • 2.3.3.7. Troubleshooting procedures
            • 2.3.3.7.1. Talking to the user
            • 2.3.3.7.2. Gathering information
            • 2.3.3.7.3. Identifying potential causes
            • 2.3.3.7.4. Isolating the problem
            • 2.3.3.7.5. Testing related components
            • 2.3.3.7.6. Apply a solution and test results
            • 2.3.3.7.7. Document the solution
          • 2.3.3.8. Operational problems
            • 2.3.3.8.1. Blue Screen
            • 2.3.3.8.2. System lock up
            • 2.3.3.8.3. I/O device not accessible or does not function
            • 2.3.3.8.4. Application failed to start
            • 2.3.3.8.5. Printing problems
            • 2.3.3.8.6. Dr. Watson errors
            • 2.3.3.8.7. Illegal operation
            • 2.3.3.8.8. General protection fault (GPF)
          • 2.3.3.9. Common error messages
          • 2.3.3.10. Troubleshooting utilities
            • 2.3.3.10.1. Disk Management utilities
            • 2.3.3.10.2. System management utilities
            • 2.3.3.10.3. File management utilities
            • 2.3.3.10.4. Windows Reporting
        • 2.3.4. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 2.3.4.1. Software updates
          • 2.3.4.2. Windows Update
          • 2.3.4.3. Data backup and restoration
          • 2.3.4.4. Antivirus software
          • 2.3.4.5. Creating System Restore Points
      • 2.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 2.4.1. Printer and Scanner Technologies
          • 2.4.1.1. Laser printers
            • 2.4.1.1.1. Components of a laser printer
            • 2.4.1.1.2. The Laser printing process
          • 2.4.1.2. Inkjet printers
            • 2.4.1.2.1. Components of an inkjet printer
            • 2.4.1.2.2. Inkjet printing process
          • 2.4.1.3. Impact printers
            • 2.4.1.3.1. Daisy wheel printers
            • 2.4.1.3.2. Dot matrix printers
          • 2.4.1.4. Thermal printers
          • 2.4.1.5. Solid ink printers
          • 2.4.1.6. Printer interfaces
          • 2.4.1.7. Printer software
          • 2.4.1.8. Printer memory
          • 2.4.1.9. Printer supplies
          • 2.4.1.10. Types of scanners
          • 2.4.1.11. Components of a scanner
            • 2.4.1.11.1. Scanning process
          • 2.4.1.12. Scanner interfaces
        • 2.4.2. Installing, Configuring, and Upgrading Printers and Scanners
          • 2.4.2.1. Installing printers and scanners
            • 2.4.2.1.1. Verifying compatibility
            • 2.4.2.1.2. Connecting the device
            • 2.4.2.1.3. Install the device driver
            • 2.4.2.1.4. Configure the device
            • 2.4.2.1.5. Verifying installation
          • 2.4.2.2. Upgrading printers
            • 2.4.2.2.1. Memory
            • 2.4.2.2.2. Drivers
            • 2.4.2.2.3. Firmware
            • 2.4.2.2.4. Network interface
            • 2.4.2.2.5. Paper feed trays and finishers
        • 2.4.3. Troubleshooting Printers and Scanners
          • 2.4.3.1. Basic troubleshooting procedures
          • 2.4.3.2. Troubleshooting inkjet printers
          • 2.4.3.3. Troubleshooting laser printers
          • 2.4.3.4. Troubleshooting dot matrix printers
          • 2.4.3.5. Common problems with scanners
      • 2.5. Networks
        • 2.5.1. Networking Fundamentals
          • 2.5.1.1. Types of networks
          • 2.5.1.2. Networking models
          • 2.5.1.3. Network topologies
            • 2.5.1.3.1. Full-duplex and half-duplex
          • 2.5.1.4. Network cabling
            • 2.5.1.4.1. Twisted pair cables
            • 2.5.1.4.2. Plenum/PVC
            • 2.5.1.4.3. Fiber optic
          • 2.5.1.5. Connectors
          • 2.5.1.6. Network devices
            • 2.5.1.6.1. Hubs
          • 2.5.1.7. Switches
            • 2.5.1.7.1. Media Access Unit (MAU)
            • 2.5.1.7.2. Bridges
          • 2.5.1.8. Routers
          • 2.5.1.9. Networking protocols
            • 2.5.1.9.1. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
            • 2.5.1.9.2. Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
            • 2.5.1.9.3. NetBEUI
          • 2.5.1.10. Host naming and addressing
            • 2.5.1.10.1. TCP/IP addressing
            • 2.5.1.10.2. Classful subnetting
            • 2.5.1.10.3. IPX addressing
            • 2.5.1.10.4. NetBEUI addressing
            • 2.5.1.10.5. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
          • 2.5.1.11. Bandwidth
          • 2.5.1.12. LAN technologies
            • 2.5.1.12.1. 10 Mbps Ethernet
            • 2.5.1.12.2. 100 Mbps Ethernet
            • 2.5.1.12.3. 1000 Mbps Ethernet
          • 2.5.1.13. WAN technologies
            • 2.5.1.13.1. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
            • 2.5.1.13.2. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
            • 2.5.1.13.3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
            • 2.5.1.13.4. Broadband
            • 2.5.1.13.5. Satellite
            • 2.5.1.13.6. Dial-up
            • 2.5.1.13.7. Wireless
          • 2.5.1.14. Infrared
            • 2.5.1.14.1. Bluetooth
            • 2.5.1.14.2. Cellular
            • 2.5.1.14.3. VoIP
        • 2.5.2. Installing and Maintaining Networks
          • 2.5.2.1. Installing and configuring network cards
            • 2.5.2.1.1. Installing a network adapter
            • 2.5.2.1.2. Configuring the network card
        • 2.5.3. Troubleshooting Techniques
          • 2.5.3.1. Status indicators
          • 2.5.3.2. Troubleshooting network media
          • 2.5.3.3. Troubleshooting network devices
          • 2.5.3.4. Troubleshooting wireless connectivity
      • 2.6. Security
        • 2.6.1. Principles of Security
          • 2.6.1.1. Authentication technologies and protocols
            • 2.6.1.1.1. Username and password
            • 2.6.1.1.2. Biometrics
            • 2.6.1.1.3. Smart cards
            • 2.6.1.1.4. Security tokens
            • 2.6.1.1.5. Digital certificates
            • 2.6.1.1.6. Multifactor
            • 2.6.1.1.7. Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
            • 2.6.1.1.8. Kerberos
          • 2.6.1.2. Protection from malicious software
            • 2.6.1.2.1. Virus
            • 2.6.1.2.2. Trojans
            • 2.6.1.2.3. Worms
            • 2.6.1.2.4. Spam
            • 2.6.1.2.5. Spyware
            • 2.6.1.2.6. Adware
            • 2.6.1.2.7. Grayware
          • 2.6.1.3. Software firewalls
            • 2.6.1.3.1. Filesystem security
          • 2.6.1.4. Wireless security
            • 2.6.1.4.1. Wireless networking protocols
            • 2.6.1.4.2. Wireless authentication
            • 2.6.1.4.3. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
            • 2.6.1.4.4. Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
          • 2.6.1.5. Protecting wireless networks from attacks
            • 2.6.1.5.1. Data security
            • 2.6.1.5.2. Data access
            • 2.6.1.5.3. Backups
            • 2.6.1.5.4. Encryption
            • 2.6.1.5.5. Data migration
            • 2.6.1.5.6. Data remnant removal
            • 2.6.1.5.7. Password management
          • 2.6.1.6. Physical security
        • 2.6.2. Security Problems and Preventive Maintenance
          • 2.6.2.1. Security-related problems
          • 2.6.2.2. Preventive maintenance procedures
            • 2.6.2.2.1. Antivirus software
            • 2.6.2.2.2. Operating system updates
            • 2.6.2.2.3. Application updates
            • 2.6.2.2.4. Auditing and logging
            • 2.6.2.2.5. Network devices
            • 2.6.2.2.6. Security policies
            • 2.6.2.2.7. User education
      • 2.7. Safety and Environmental Issues
        • 2.7.1. Safety and Environment Issues
          • 2.7.1.1. Identifying potential safety hazards
          • 2.7.1.2. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
          • 2.7.1.3. Using appropriate repair tools
          • 2.7.1.4. Handling safety incidents
        • 2.7.2. Safety Procedures
          • 2.7.2.1. ESD precautions
            • 2.7.2.1.1. Equipment handling
        • 2.7.3. Disposal Procedures
          • 2.7.3.1. Batteries
          • 2.7.3.2. Display devices
          • 2.7.3.3. Chemicals
      • 2.8. Communications and Professionalism
        • 2.8.1. Communication Skills
          • 2.8.1.1. Privacy and confidentiality
          • 2.8.1.2. Talking to the customer
          • 2.8.1.3. Active listening
          • 2.8.1.4. Asking questions
          • 2.8.1.5. Use nontechnical vocabulary
          • 2.8.1.6. Dont be judgmental
        • 2.8.2. Professional Behavior
          • 2.8.2.1. Professional behavior
            • 2.8.2.1.1. Positive attitude
            • 2.8.2.1.2. Avoid arguments
            • 2.8.2.1.3. Understand the problem
            • 2.8.2.1.4. Be respectful
            • 2.8.2.1.5. Interruptions
          • 2.8.2.2. Use of property
            • 2.8.2.2.1. Telephone and fax
            • 2.8.2.2.2. Desktops
            • 2.8.2.2.3. Laptops
            • 2.8.2.2.4. Internet
            • 2.8.2.2.5. Printers
            • 2.8.2.2.6. Monitors
    • 3. Prep and Practice for the A+ Essentials Exam
      • 3.1. Preparing for the A+ Essentials Exam
      • 3.2. Suggested Exercises for the A+ Essentials Exam
        • 3.2.1. Examine the Motherboard
        • 3.2.2. BIOS/Firmware
        • 3.2.3. Identify Processor and Memory
        • 3.2.4. I/O Ports and Expansion Bus Slots
        • 3.2.5. Power Supply and Its Connectors
        • 3.2.6. Memory Modules
        • 3.2.7. Hard Disk Drive
        • 3.2.8. Input Devices
        • 3.2.9. Common Ports on a PC
        • 3.2.10. Cooling Fans
        • 3.2.11. Software Diagnostic Utilities
        • 3.2.12. Troubleshooting
        • 3.2.13. Preventive Maintenance
        • 3.2.14. Laptop Motherboard, Processor, and Memory
        • 3.2.15. Laptop Display
        • 3.2.16. Safely Removing Hardware
        • 3.2.17. Configuring Power Options
        • 3.2.18. Configuring Windows Desktop
        • 3.2.19. Configuring Taskbar
        • 3.2.20. Control Panel
        • 3.2.21. Changing the Computer Name
        • 3.2.22. Exploring Windows Registry
        • 3.2.23. Creating a Disk Partition
        • 3.2.24. Using Windows Explorer
        • 3.2.25. Changing File Attributes
        • 3.2.26. Configuring File Permissions
        • 3.2.27. Configuring Paging File
        • 3.2.28. Examining Advanced Boot Options
        • 3.2.29. Preparing an ASR
        • 3.2.30. Creating System Restore Point (Windows XP)
        • 3.2.31. Configuring Automatic Updates
        • 3.2.32. Laser Printing Process
        • 3.2.33. Inkjet Printers
        • 3.2.34. Scanners
        • 3.2.35. Printing Problems
        • 3.2.36. Network Topologies
        • 3.2.37. Network Cables and Connectors
        • 3.2.38. Network Protocols, Services, and Addressing
        • 3.2.39. WAN/Internet Connectivity
        • 3.2.40. Network Troubleshooting
        • 3.2.41. Authentication Methods
        • 3.2.42. Protection from Malicious Software
        • 3.2.43. Password Management
        • 3.2.44. Preventive Maintenance for Security
      • 3.3. Highlighters Index
        • 3.3.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 3.3.2. Laptop and Portable Devices
        • 3.3.3. Operating Systems
        • 3.3.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 3.3.5. Networks
        • 3.3.6. Security
        • 3.3.7. Safety and Environmental Issues
        • 3.3.8. Communication and Professionalism
      • 3.4. Practice Questions for the A+ Essentials Exam
  • II. A+ Exams 220602, 220603, and 220604
    • 4. Overview of the A+ Exams 220602, 220603, and 220604
      • 4.1. Areas of Study for A+ Exams 220602, 220603, and 220604
        • 4.1.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 4.1.2. Laptops and Portable Devices
        • 4.1.3. Operating Systems
        • 4.1.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 4.1.5. Networks
        • 4.1.6. Security
        • 4.1.7. Safety and Environmental Issues
        • 4.1.8. Communication and Professionalism
    • 5. Study Guide for A+ Exams 220602, 220603, and 220604
      • 5.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 5.1.1. Adding, Removing, and Upgrading Computer Components
          • 5.1.1.1. Storage devices
            • 5.1.1.1.1. Selecting an appropriate storage device
            • 5.1.1.1.2. Installing a hard disk
            • 5.1.1.1.3. Installing a CD/DVD drive
            • 5.1.1.1.4. Installing a floppy disk drive
          • 5.1.1.2. Motherboards
            • 5.1.1.2.1. Installing a motherboard
          • 5.1.1.3. Power supplies
          • 5.1.1.4. Processors/CPUs
          • 5.1.1.5. Memory (RAM)
          • 5.1.1.6. Display devices
          • 5.1.1.7. Input devices
          • 5.1.1.8. Adapter cards
        • 5.1.2. Troubleshooting Tools and Techniques
          • 5.1.2.1. Basic diagnostic procedures
            • 5.1.2.1.1. Visual inspection
            • 5.1.2.1.2. Audible inspection
            • 5.1.2.1.3. Minimum configuration
          • 5.1.2.2. Troubleshooting steps
            • 5.1.2.2.1. Verifying proper installation
            • 5.1.2.2.2. Verifying device drivers
            • 5.1.2.2.3. Verifying resource usage
            • 5.1.2.2.4. Verifying configuration settings
          • 5.1.2.3. Troubleshooting tools
            • 5.1.2.3.1. Multimeter
            • 5.1.2.3.2. Screwdrivers
            • 5.1.2.3.3. Antistatic straps and pads
            • 5.1.2.3.4. Loopback plugs
            • 5.1.2.3.5. Cleaning products
            • 5.1.2.3.6. Additional specialty tools
        • 5.1.3. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 5.1.3.1. Display devices
          • 5.1.3.2. Power supply
          • 5.1.3.3. Input devices
          • 5.1.3.4. Storage devices
          • 5.1.3.5. Motherboards, adapters, and memory
          • 5.1.3.6. External ventilation factors
      • 5.2. Laptops and Portable Devices
        • 5.2.1. Fundamental Principles
          • 5.2.1.1. Communication technologies for laptops
            • 5.2.1.1.1. Bluetooth
            • 5.2.1.1.2. Infrared
            • 5.2.1.1.3. Cellular wide area network (WAN)
            • 5.2.1.1.4. Ethernet
          • 5.2.1.2. Power supplies
            • 5.2.1.2.1. Improving battery performance
          • 5.2.1.3. Components of LCD
        • 5.2.2. Installing, Optimizing, and Upgrading
          • 5.2.2.1. Installing and removing devices
          • 5.2.2.2. Upgrading memory
        • 5.2.3. Troubleshooting Tools and Procedures
          • 5.2.3.1. Power problems
          • 5.2.3.2. Removing unneeded devices
          • 5.2.3.3. External monitor
          • 5.2.3.4. Function keys
          • 5.2.3.5. External keypad
          • 5.2.3.6. The LCD cut-off switch and backlight
          • 5.2.3.7. Digitizer problems
          • 5.2.3.8. Exhaust fans
          • 5.2.3.9. Antenna wires
      • 5.3. Operating Systems
        • 5.3.1. Fundamental Principles
          • 5.3.1.1. Command-line functions and utilities
            • 5.3.1.1.1. cmd
            • 5.3.1.1.2. help
            • 5.3.1.1.3. dir
            • 5.3.1.1.4. attrib
            • 5.3.1.1.5. edit
            • 5.3.1.1.6. copy
            • 5.3.1.1.7. xcopy
            • 5.3.1.1.8. format
            • 5.3.1.1.9. md
            • 5.3.1.1.10. rd
            • 5.3.1.1.11. cd
            • 5.3.1.1.12. ipconfig and ping
          • 5.3.1.2. Managing disks
            • 5.3.1.2.1. Creating partitions
            • 5.3.1.2.2. Formatting a volume
            • 5.3.1.2.3. Using DiskPart to manage disks
            • 5.3.1.2.4. Creating directory structures
            • 5.3.1.2.5. Changing file attributes and permissions
          • 5.3.1.3. Disk maintenance
            • 5.3.1.3.1. Disk Defragmenter
            • 5.3.1.3.2. Check Disk
            • 5.3.1.3.3. Windows Backup
            • 5.3.1.3.4. Device Manager
            • 5.3.1.3.5. Task Manager
            • 5.3.1.3.6. msconfig
            • 5.3.1.3.7. regedit and regedt32
            • 5.3.1.3.8. Event Viewer
            • 5.3.1.3.9. System Restore
            • 5.3.1.3.10. Remote Desktop
        • 5.3.2. Optimize Operating Systems
          • 5.3.2.1. Virtual memory
          • 5.3.2.2. Defragmenting hard disks
          • 5.3.2.3. Removing temporary files
          • 5.3.2.4. Managing services
          • 5.3.2.5. System startup
          • 5.3.2.6. Application tuning
        • 5.3.3. Diagnostic Tools and Troubleshooting Techniques
          • 5.3.3.1. Operating system recovery
            • 5.3.3.1.1. Advanced Boot Options
            • 5.3.3.1.2. Recovery Console
            • 5.3.3.1.3. Automated System Recovery (ASR)
            • 5.3.3.1.4. Emergency Repair Disk (ERD)
          • 5.3.3.2. Resolving common operational problems
            • 5.3.3.2.1. Printing problems
            • 5.3.3.2.2. Auto-Restart errors
            • 5.3.3.2.3. Blue Screen errors
            • 5.3.3.2.4. System lockup
            • 5.3.3.2.5. Device driver failure
            • 5.3.3.2.6. Application failures
          • 5.3.3.3. Interpreting common error messages
            • 5.3.3.3.1. Missing Boot Disk or Invalid Boot Drive
            • 5.3.3.3.2. Missing NTLDR
            • 5.3.3.3.3. Device or service failure
            • 5.3.3.3.4. Missing Registry entry
            • 5.3.3.3.5. Windows reporting
          • 5.3.3.4. Utilities for diagnosing operational problems
            • 5.3.3.4.1. Bootable media
            • 5.3.3.4.2. Startup modes
            • 5.3.3.4.3. Documentation
            • 5.3.3.4.4. Task Manager
            • 5.3.3.4.5. Device Manager
            • 5.3.3.4.6. Event Viewer
            • 5.3.3.4.7. System Configuration utility
            • 5.3.3.4.8. Recovery CD
            • 5.3.3.4.9. Remote Assistance
            • 5.3.3.4.10. System File Checker
        • 5.3.4. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 5.3.4.1. Software updates
            • 5.3.4.1.1. Hotfixes
            • 5.3.4.1.2. Patches
            • 5.3.4.1.3. Service packs
          • 5.3.4.2. Windows Update
          • 5.3.4.3. Data backup and restoration
          • 5.3.4.4. Antivirus software
      • 5.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 5.4.1. Fundamentals of Printers and Scanners
          • 5.4.1.1. The printing process
          • 5.4.1.2. Laser printers
            • 5.4.1.2.1. Components of a laser printer
            • 5.4.1.2.2. Laser printing process
          • 5.4.1.3. Inkjet printers
            • 5.4.1.3.1. The inkjet printing process
          • 5.4.1.4. Solid ink
          • 5.4.1.5. Thermal printers
          • 5.4.1.6. Impact printers (dot matrix)
            • 5.4.1.6.1. The dot matrix printing process
          • 5.4.1.7. Scanners and the scanning process
            • 5.4.1.7.1. Types of scanners
            • 5.4.1.7.2. The scanning process
        • 5.4.2. Installing and Configuring Printers and Scanners
          • 5.4.2.1. Installing and configuring printers
            • 5.4.2.1.1. Verifying compatibility
            • 5.4.2.1.2. Connecting to a local port
            • 5.4.2.1.3. Connecting to a network port
            • 5.4.2.1.4. Installing printer drivers
            • 5.4.2.1.5. Calibrating printers
            • 5.4.2.1.6. Configure printer options
          • 5.4.2.2. Educating users
          • 5.4.2.3. Upgrading printers and scanners
            • 5.4.2.3.1. Memory
            • 5.4.2.3.2. Drivers
            • 5.4.2.3.3. Firmware
          • 5.4.2.4. Installing and configuring scanners
          • 5.4.2.5. Optimizing printer and scanner performance
            • 5.4.2.5.1. Resolution
            • 5.4.2.5.2. Color profiles
            • 5.4.2.5.3. File formats
        • 5.4.3. Troubleshooting Printers and Scanners
          • 5.4.3.1. Gathering information
          • 5.4.3.2. Analyzing the collected data
          • 5.4.3.3. Isolating the problem
          • 5.4.3.4. Applying the solution
          • 5.4.3.5. Repair tools
            • 5.4.3.5.1. Multimeter
            • 5.4.3.5.2. Screwdrivers and extension magnet
            • 5.4.3.5.3. Cleaning solutions
            • 5.4.3.5.4. Test patterns
        • 5.4.4. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
          • 5.4.4.1. Scheduled maintenance
          • 5.4.4.2. Environment
            • 5.4.4.2.1. Humidity
            • 5.4.4.2.2. Temperature
            • 5.4.4.2.3. Cleanliness
          • 5.4.4.3. Supplies
            • 5.4.4.3.1. Paper
            • 5.4.4.3.2. Ink cartridges, ribbons, and toner cartridges
            • 5.4.4.3.3. Spares
      • 5.5. Networks
        • 5.5.1. Network Fundamentals
          • 5.5.1.1. OSI model
          • 5.5.1.2. Networking protocols
            • 5.5.1.2.1. TCP/IP
            • 5.5.1.2.2. Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
            • 5.5.1.2.3. NetBEUI/NetBIOS
            • 5.5.1.2.4. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
            • 5.5.1.2.5. Internet Message Access Protocol 4 (IMAP4)
            • 5.5.1.2.6. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
            • 5.5.1.2.7. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
            • 5.5.1.2.8. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
            • 5.5.1.2.9. HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
            • 5.5.1.2.10. Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
            • 5.5.1.2.11. Telnet
            • 5.5.1.2.12. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
            • 5.5.1.2.13. DNS
            • 5.5.1.2.14. Windows Internet Naming System (WINS)
          • 5.5.1.3. Connectivity technologies
          • 5.5.1.4. LAN technologies
            • 5.5.1.4.1. 10 Mbps Ethernet
            • 5.5.1.4.2. 100 Mbps Ethernet
            • 5.5.1.4.3. 1000 Mbps Ethernet
          • 5.5.1.5. WAN technologies
            • 5.5.1.5.1. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
            • 5.5.1.5.2. Dial-up
            • 5.5.1.5.3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
            • 5.5.1.5.4. Broadband
            • 5.5.1.5.5. Satellite
            • 5.5.1.5.6. ISDN
            • 5.5.1.5.7. Wireless
          • 5.5.1.6. Infrared (IrDA)
            • 5.5.1.6.1. Bluetooth
            • 5.5.1.6.2. Cellular
            • 5.5.1.6.3. VoIP
        • 5.5.2. Installing, Configuring, and Optimizing Networks
          • 5.5.2.1. Establishing network connectivity
            • 5.5.2.1.1. Installing and configuring network adapters
            • 5.5.2.1.2. Configuring client and network options
          • 5.5.2.2. Joining a Windows workgroup or domain
          • 5.5.2.3. Sharing network resources
            • 5.5.2.3.1. Configuring permissions
            • 5.5.2.3.2. NetWare file permissions
          • 5.5.2.4. Installing and configuring network browsers
            • 5.5.2.4.1. Configuring script settings
            • 5.5.2.4.2. Configuring proxy settings
            • 5.5.2.4.3. Configuring security settings
        • 5.5.3. Troubleshooting Network Problems
          • 5.5.3.1. Troubleshooting tools
            • 5.5.3.1.1. ipconfig
            • 5.5.3.1.2. ping
            • 5.5.3.1.3. tracert
            • 5.5.3.1.4. nslookup
          • 5.5.3.2. Cable-testing devices
            • 5.5.3.2.1. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
            • 5.5.3.2.2. Tone generators and tone locators
            • 5.5.3.2.3. Loopback connectors
          • 5.5.3.3. Configuration problems
            • 5.5.3.3.1. Network interface and driver
            • 5.5.3.3.2. TCP/IP configuration
            • 5.5.3.3.3. IPX/SPX configuration
            • 5.5.3.3.4. Resource permissions
            • 5.5.3.3.5. Firewall configuration
            • 5.5.3.3.6. Electrical interference
          • 5.5.3.4. Preventive maintenance for networks
            • 5.5.3.4.1. Securing network cables
            • 5.5.3.4.2. Restricting physical access
            • 5.5.3.4.3. Server and desktop hardening
            • 5.5.3.4.4. Data backups and recovery
            • 5.5.3.4.5. Power redundancy
            • 5.5.3.4.6. Link redundancy
            • 5.5.3.4.7. Server clusters
            • 5.5.3.4.8. Hot, warm, and cold sites
            • 5.5.3.4.9. Hot and cold spares
      • 5.6. Security
        • 5.6.1. Principles of Security
          • 5.6.1.1. Access control
          • 5.6.1.2. User accounts
          • 5.6.1.3. Access control using groups
          • 5.6.1.4. Permissions and level of access
            • 5.6.1.4.1. Level of access
          • 5.6.1.5. Restricted spaces
          • 5.6.1.6. Auditing and event logging
            • 5.6.1.6.1. Auditing
            • 5.6.1.6.2. Logging
        • 5.6.2. Install, Configure, and Upgrade Security
          • 5.6.2.1. Authentication technologies
            • 5.6.2.1.1. Username and password
            • 5.6.2.1.2. Tokens
            • 5.6.2.1.3. Biometrics
            • 5.6.2.1.4. Multifactor
            • 5.6.2.1.5. Wireless authentication
          • 5.6.2.2. Software firewalls
          • 5.6.2.3. Enabling and disabling auditing
          • 5.6.2.4. Wireless client configuration
            • 5.6.2.4.1. Configuring the access point
            • 5.6.2.4.2. Configuring the wireless clients
          • 5.6.2.5. Data access
            • 5.6.2.5.1. Converting from FAT or FAT32 to NTFS
        • 5.6.3. Diagnostic and Troubleshooting Techniques
          • 5.6.3.1. Software firewall issues
          • 5.6.3.2. Wireless client configuration issues with SSID
          • 5.6.3.3. Data access issues
        • 5.6.4. Preventive Maintenance for Security
          • 5.6.4.1. Security policies
          • 5.6.4.2. Social engineering
            • 5.6.4.2.1. Addressing social engineering issues
    • 6. Prep and Practice for the A+ Exams 220602, 220603, and 220604
      • 6.1. Preparing for the A+ Exams
      • 6.2. Suggested Exercises for the Exams
        • 6.2.1. Installing a Hard Drive
        • 6.2.2. Upgrading Memory
        • 6.2.3. Installing an Adapter Card
        • 6.2.4. Visual Inspection of Internal Components
        • 6.2.5. Audible Codes
        • 6.2.6. Testing the Power Supply DC Output Voltages
        • 6.2.7. Starting the Computer with Minimum Configuration
        • 6.2.8. Adding/Removing Laptop-Specific Components
        • 6.2.9. Connecting External Devices
        • 6.2.10. Connecting a Laptop to a Wireless Network
        • 6.2.11. Using the Windows Command Prompt
        • 6.2.12. Creating New Folders
        • 6.2.13. Changing File/Folder Attributes
        • 6.2.14. Disk Partitioning and Formatting
        • 6.2.15. Converting a Disk from FAT to NTFS
        • 6.2.16. Using Disk Maintenance Tools
        • 6.2.17. Examining System Startup Environment
        • 6.2.18. Configuring Virtual Memory
        • 6.2.19. Changing the System Startup Settings
        • 6.2.20. Using Event Viewer
        • 6.2.21. Using Task Manager
        • 6.2.22. Using Device Manager
        • 6.2.23. Accessing Advanced Boot Options
        • 6.2.24. Enabling Automatic Updates
        • 6.2.25. Connecting the Printer to a Local Port
        • 6.2.26. Configuring and Verifying TCP/IP Properties
        • 6.2.27. Testing Network Connectivity
        • 6.2.28. Configuring Share Permissions
        • 6.2.29. Enabling and Configuring Windows Firewall
        • 6.2.30. Viewing Access Permissions
        • 6.2.31. Configuring Auditing and Logging
        • 6.2.32. Viewing the Local Security Policy
      • 6.3. Highlighters Index
        • 6.3.1. Personal Computer Components
        • 6.3.2. Laptop and Portable Devices
        • 6.3.3. Operating Systems
        • 6.3.4. Printers and Scanners
        • 6.3.5. Networks
        • 6.3.6. Security
      • 6.4. Practice Questions for the A+ Exams
  • III. Network+
    • 7. Overview of the Network+ Exam
      • 7.1. Areas of Study for the Network+ Exam
        • 7.1.1. Media and Topologies
        • 7.1.2. Protocols and Standards
        • 7.1.3. Network Implementation
        • 7.1.4. Network Support
    • 8. Network+ Exam Study Guide
      • 8.1. Media and Topologies
        • 8.1.1. Overview of Networks
          • 8.1.1.1. Local area network (LAN)
          • 8.1.1.2. Wide area network (WAN)
          • 8.1.1.3. Personal area network (PAN)
          • 8.1.1.4. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
          • 8.1.1.5. Centralized and decentralized computing
          • 8.1.1.6. Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
          • 8.1.1.7. Client/server network
        • 8.1.2. Physical Network Topologies
          • 8.1.2.1. Star topology
          • 8.1.2.2. Bus topology
          • 8.1.2.3. Mesh topology
          • 8.1.2.4. Ring topology
          • 8.1.2.5. Wireless topologies
            • 8.1.2.5.1. Ad-hoc wireless network
            • 8.1.2.5.2. Infrastructure wireless networks
        • 8.1.3. Networking Standards
          • 8.1.3.1. IEEE 802.2
          • 8.1.3.2. IEEE 802.3
          • 8.1.3.3. IEEE 802.5
          • 8.1.3.4. IEEE 802.11
            • 8.1.3.4.1. IEEE 801.11b
            • 8.1.3.4.2. IEEE 802.11a
            • 8.1.3.4.3. IEEE 802.11g
          • 8.1.3.5. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
        • 8.1.4. Types of Cables
          • 8.1.4.1. Coaxial cable
          • 8.1.4.2. Twisted pair cables
            • 8.1.4.2.1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables
            • 8.1.4.2.2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables
          • 8.1.4.3. Fiber optic cables
            • 8.1.4.3.1. Single mode fiber optic cable
            • 8.1.4.3.2. Multimode fiber optic cable
        • 8.1.5. Networking and Cable Standards
          • 8.1.5.1. 10 Mbps Ethernet
          • 8.1.5.2. 100 Mbps Ethernet
          • 8.1.5.3. 1000 Mbps Ethernet
          • 8.1.5.4. 10 Gigabit Ethernet
        • 8.1.6. Media Connectors
          • 8.1.6.1. Registered Jack-11 (RJ-11)
          • 8.1.6.2. Registered Jack-45 (RJ-45)
          • 8.1.6.3. F-Type
          • 8.1.6.4. BNC connectors
          • 8.1.6.5. Fiber optic connectors
          • 8.1.6.6. IEEE 1394
          • 8.1.6.7. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
        • 8.1.7. Network Devices
          • 8.1.7.1. Hubs
          • 8.1.7.2. Switches
          • 8.1.7.3. Media Access Unit (MAU)
          • 8.1.7.4. Bridges
            • 8.1.7.4.1. Spanning tree protocol
          • 8.1.7.5. Routers
            • 8.1.7.5.1. Distance vector routing protocol
            • 8.1.7.5.2. Link state routing protocol
          • 8.1.7.6. Gateways
          • 8.1.7.7. Channel Service Unit (CSU)/Data Service Unit (DSU)
          • 8.1.7.8. Network Interface Card (NIC)
          • 8.1.7.9. ISDN adapters
          • 8.1.7.10. Wireless Access Point (WAP)
          • 8.1.7.11. Modems
          • 8.1.7.12. Transceivers and media converters
          • 8.1.7.13. Firewalls
        • 8.1.8. Wireless Technologies
          • 8.1.8.1. Spread spectrum wireless technology
          • 8.1.8.2. Infrared
          • 8.1.8.3. Bluetooth
          • 8.1.8.4. Factors that affect wireless services
            • 8.1.8.4.1. Interferences
            • 8.1.8.4.2. Type of antenna
            • 8.1.8.4.3. Environmental factors
      • 8.2. Protocols and Standards
        • 8.2.1. Media Access Control (MAC) Address
        • 8.2.2. The OSI Networking Model
          • 8.2.2.1. Physical layer (Layer 1)
          • 8.2.2.2. Data Link layer (Layer 2)
          • 8.2.2.3. Network layer (Layer 3)
          • 8.2.2.4. Transport layer (Layer 4)
          • 8.2.2.5. Session layer (Layer 5)
          • 8.2.2.6. Presentation layer (Layer 6)
          • 8.2.2.7. Application layer (Layer 7)
        • 8.2.3. Network Protocols
          • 8.2.3.1. NetBEUI
          • 8.2.3.2. Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
            • 8.2.3.2.1. NetWare hostnames
            • 8.2.3.2.2. IPX addresses
            • 8.2.3.2.3. NetWare frame types
            • 8.2.3.2.4. IPX/SPX interoperability and routing
          • 8.2.3.3. AppleTalk
            • 8.2.3.3.1. AppleTalk addressing and naming
            • 8.2.3.3.2. AppleTalk interoperability and routing
          • 8.2.3.4. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
            • 8.2.3.4.1. TCP/IP addressing
            • 8.2.3.4.2. TCP/IP naming
            • 8.2.3.4.3. TCP/IP routing
            • 8.2.3.4.4. TCP/IP interoperability
        • 8.2.4. IP Addressing
          • 8.2.4.1. IPv4 addresses
            • 8.2.4.1.1. Subnet mask
            • 8.2.4.1.2. Default gateway
          • 8.2.4.2. Public and private IP addresses
          • 8.2.4.3. Subnetting
          • 8.2.4.4. IPv6 addresses
          • 8.2.4.5. Address assignment
          • 8.2.4.6. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
          • 8.2.4.7. TCP/IP protocols
          • 8.2.4.8. Port assignments in TCP/IP
          • 8.2.4.9. Network services
            • 8.2.4.9.1. Domain Name Service (DNS)
            • 8.2.4.9.2. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
            • 8.2.4.9.3. Network Address Translation (NAT)
            • 8.2.4.9.4. Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)
            • 8.2.4.9.5. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
            • 8.2.4.9.6. Network File System (NFS)
            • 8.2.4.9.7. Zero Configuration (ZeroConf)
            • 8.2.4.9.8. Server Message Block (SMB)
            • 8.2.4.9.9. Apple File Protocol (AFP)
            • 8.2.4.9.10. Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
            • 8.2.4.9.11. Samba
        • 8.2.5. WAN Technologies
          • 8.2.5.1. Packet switching
          • 8.2.5.2. Circuit switching
          • 8.2.5.3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
          • 8.2.5.4. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
          • 8.2.5.5. T-Carrier
          • 8.2.5.6. Optical Carrier (OC)
          • 8.2.5.7. X.25
        • 8.2.6. Internet Access Technologies
          • 8.2.6.1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
          • 8.2.6.2. Broadband cable
          • 8.2.6.3. Plain Old Telephone System/Public Switched Telephone Network (POTS/PSTN)
          • 8.2.6.4. Satellite
          • 8.2.6.5. Wireless
        • 8.2.7. Remote Access Protocols and Services
          • 8.2.7.1. Remote Access Service (RAS)
          • 8.2.7.2. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
          • 8.2.7.3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
            • 8.2.7.3.1. PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)
          • 8.2.7.4. Virtual Private Networking
          • 8.2.7.5. Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
        • 8.2.8. Security Protocols
          • 8.2.8.1. IP Security (IPSec)
            • 8.2.8.1.1. IPSec authentication
          • 8.2.8.2. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
          • 8.2.8.3. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
          • 8.2.8.4. Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
          • 8.2.8.5. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
          • 8.2.8.6. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
          • 8.2.8.7. 802.1x
        • 8.2.9. Authentication Protocols
          • 8.2.9.1. Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS)
          • 8.2.9.2. Kerberos
      • 8.3. Network Implementation
        • 8.3.1. Network Operating Systems (NOS)
          • 8.3.1.1. Linux/Unix
            • 8.3.1.1.1. Authentication
            • 8.3.1.1.2. File and print services
            • 8.3.1.1.3. Application support
            • 8.3.1.1.4. Security
          • 8.3.1.2. MAC OS X
            • 8.3.1.2.1. Authentication
            • 8.3.1.2.2. File and print services
            • 8.3.1.2.3. Security
          • 8.3.1.3. NetWare
            • 8.3.1.3.1. Authentication
            • 8.3.1.3.2. File and print services
            • 8.3.1.3.3. Application support
            • 8.3.1.3.4. Security
          • 8.3.1.4. Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003
            • 8.3.1.4.1. Authentication
            • 8.3.1.4.2. File and print services
            • 8.3.1.4.3. Application support
            • 8.3.1.4.4. Security
            • 8.3.1.4.5. Client support
            • 8.3.1.4.6. Interoperability of operating systems
        • 8.3.2. Network Wiring Tools
          • 8.3.2.1. Wire crimpers
          • 8.3.2.2. Punchdown tools
          • 8.3.2.3. Media testers/certifiers
          • 8.3.2.4. Tone generators
          • 8.3.2.5. Loopback connectors
        • 8.3.3. Components of Network Security
          • 8.3.3.1. Firewalls
            • 8.3.3.1.1. Packet filtering firewalls
            • 8.3.3.1.2. Application layer firewalls
            • 8.3.3.1.3. Stateful inspection firewalls
          • 8.3.3.2. Proxy servers
          • 8.3.3.3. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
            • 8.3.3.3.1. Intranet
            • 8.3.3.3.2. Extranet
        • 8.3.4. Implementing Network Security
          • 8.3.4.1. Port blocking/filtering
          • 8.3.4.2. Authentication
            • 8.3.4.2.1. Mutual Authentication
            • 8.3.4.2.2. Username/Password
          • 8.3.4.3. Biometrics
            • 8.3.4.3.1. Multifactor
          • 8.3.4.4. Encryption
          • 8.3.4.5. Types of malicious codes
          • 8.3.4.6. Viruses
          • 8.3.4.7. Worms
          • 8.3.4.8. Trojan horses
          • 8.3.4.9. Logic bombs
        • 8.3.5. Fault Tolerance and Disaster Recovery
          • 8.3.5.1. Disk fault tolerance
            • 8.3.5.1.1. RAID-1
            • 8.3.5.1.2. RAID-5
          • 8.3.5.2. Server fault tolerance
            • 8.3.5.2.1. Stand-by servers
            • 8.3.5.2.2. Server clustering
            • 8.3.5.2.3. Power supply
            • 8.3.5.2.4. Link redundancy
          • 8.3.5.3. Disaster recovery
          • 8.3.5.4. Data backup
            • 8.3.5.4.1. Tape rotation
            • 8.3.5.4.2. Offsite storage
            • 8.3.5.4.3. Secure recovery
            • 8.3.5.4.4. Hot and cold spares
            • 8.3.5.4.5. Hot, warm, and cold sites
      • 8.4. Network Support
        • 8.4.1. Troubleshooting Utilities
          • 8.4.1.1. tracert/traceroute
          • 8.4.1.2. ping
            • 8.4.1.2.1. ping command parameters
            • 8.4.1.2.2. Understanding ping output messages
            • 8.4.1.2.3. Troubleshooting with ping
          • 8.4.1.3. arp
          • 8.4.1.4. netstat
            • 8.4.1.4.1. Displaying detailed TCP/IP connection statistics
            • 8.4.1.4.2. Activities of network interface
            • 8.4.1.4.3. TCP and UDP statistics
            • 8.4.1.4.4. Displaying the routing table
          • 8.4.1.5. nbtstat
          • 8.4.1.6. ipconfig
          • 8.4.1.7. ifconfig
          • 8.4.1.8. winipcfg
          • 8.4.1.9. nslookup
          • 8.4.1.10. dig
        • 8.4.2. Visual Indicators
        • 8.4.3. Troubleshooting Remote Connectivity
          • 8.4.3.1. File and print permissions
          • 8.4.3.2. Authentication failures
          • 8.4.3.3. Protocol configuration
          • 8.4.3.4. Physical connectivity
        • 8.4.4. Troubleshooting Network Connectivity Problems
          • 8.4.4.1. Troubleshooting network services
            • 8.4.4.1.1. Adding, removing, or modifying the DHCP service
            • 8.4.4.1.2. Adding, removing, or modifying the DNS service
            • 8.4.4.1.3. Adding, removing, or modifying the WINS service
          • 8.4.4.2. Troubleshooting physical topologies
            • 8.4.4.2.1. Bus network
            • 8.4.4.2.2. Star network
            • 8.4.4.2.3. Ring network
            • 8.4.4.2.4. Mesh network
          • 8.4.4.3. Troubleshooting network infrastructure
            • 8.4.4.3.1. Network media and devices
            • 8.4.4.3.2. Wireless network
          • 8.4.4.4. Troubleshooting strategy
            • 8.4.4.4.1. Identify the symptoms and potential causes
            • 8.4.4.4.2. Identify the affected area
            • 8.4.4.4.3. Establish what has changed
            • 8.4.4.4.4. Select the most probable cause
            • 8.4.4.4.5. Implement an action plan and solution including potential effects
            • 8.4.4.4.6. Test the results
            • 8.4.4.4.7. Identify the results and effects of the solution
            • 8.4.4.4.8. Document the solution and process
    • 9. Network+ Exam Prep and Practice
      • 9.1. Preparing for the Network+ Exam
      • 9.2. Network+ Exam Suggested Exercises
        • 9.2.1. Network Topologies
        • 9.2.2. Network Media
        • 9.2.3. Wireless Network
        • 9.2.4. Cable Types
        • 9.2.5. Media Devices
        • 9.2.6. MAC Address
        • 9.2.7. Networking Protocols
        • 9.2.8. IP Addressing
        • 9.2.9. TCP/IP Services
        • 9.2.10. WAN and Internet Technologies
        • 9.2.11. Remote Access Protocols and Services
        • 9.2.12. Network Operating Systems
        • 9.2.13. Interoperability of Network Operating Systems
        • 9.2.14. Network Wiring Tools
        • 9.2.15. Network Security
        • 9.2.16. Fault Tolerance
        • 9.2.17. Disaster Recovery
        • 9.2.18. Troubleshooting Utilities
        • 9.2.19. Troubleshooting Network Connectivity
        • 9.2.20. Troubleshooting Network Devices
        • 9.2.21. Using the arp Command
        • 9.2.22. Using the netstat Command
      • 9.3. Network+ Exam Highlighters Index
        • 9.3.1. Media and Topologies
        • 9.3.2. Protocols and Standards
        • 9.3.3. Network Implementation
        • 9.3.4. Network Support
      • 9.4. Network+ Exam Practice Questions
  • IV. Security+
    • 10. Overview of Security+ Exam
      • 10.1. Areas of Study for Security+ Exam
        • 10.1.1. General Security Concepts
        • 10.1.2. Communication Security
        • 10.1.3. Infrastructure Security
        • 10.1.4. Basics of Cryptography
        • 10.1.5. Operational/Organizational Security
    • 11. Security+ Exam Study Guide
      • 11.1. General Security Concepts
        • 11.1.1. Access Control Models
          • 11.1.1.1. Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
          • 11.1.1.2. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
          • 11.1.1.3. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
        • 11.1.2. Authentication Methods
          • 11.1.2.1. Kerberos
          • 11.1.2.2. Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
          • 11.1.2.3. Certificates
          • 11.1.2.4. Username/Password
          • 11.1.2.5. Tokens
          • 11.1.2.6. Multifactor
          • 11.1.2.7. Mutual authentication
          • 11.1.2.8. Biometrics
        • 11.1.3. Auditing and Logging
          • 11.1.3.1. System auditing
          • 11.1.3.2. Logging
        • 11.1.4. System Scanning
        • 11.1.5. Types of Attacks
          • 11.1.5.1. Denial of Service (DoS)
          • 11.1.5.2. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
            • 11.1.5.2.1. Reflected DDoS attack
          • 11.1.5.3. SYN flood
          • 11.1.5.4. IP spoofing
          • 11.1.5.5. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks (MITM)
          • 11.1.5.6. Replay attacks
          • 11.1.5.7. TCP/IP hijacking
          • 11.1.5.8. Weak keys
          • 11.1.5.9. Password attacks
            • 11.1.5.9.1. Password guessing
            • 11.1.5.9.2. Dictionary attacks
            • 11.1.5.9.3. Brute force attack
          • 11.1.5.10. Buffer overflow
          • 11.1.5.11. Software exploitation
          • 11.1.5.12. Back door
        • 11.1.6. Types of Malicious Codes
          • 11.1.6.1. Viruses
          • 11.1.6.2. Worms
          • 11.1.6.3. Trojan horses
          • 11.1.6.4. Logic bombs and time bombs
          • 11.1.6.5. Wardialing
          • 11.1.6.6. Dumpster diving
        • 11.1.7. Risks Involved in Social Engineering
        • 11.1.8. Identifying and Disabling Nonessential Services and Protocols
          • 11.1.8.1. Nonessential services
          • 11.1.8.2. Nonessential protocols
      • 11.2. Communication Security
        • 11.2.1. Remote Access
          • 11.2.1.1. 802.1x
            • 11.2.1.1.1. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
            • 11.2.1.1.2. Vulnerabilities in the 802.1x authentication protocol
          • 11.2.1.2. Virtual Private Networking
            • 11.2.1.2.1. Remote Access VPN
            • 11.2.1.2.2. Site-to-Site VPN
          • 11.2.1.3. Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS)
          • 11.2.1.4. Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS)
          • 11.2.1.5. TACACS+
          • 11.2.1.6. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
          • 11.2.1.7. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
          • 11.2.1.8. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
            • 11.2.1.8.1. Transport mode
            • 11.2.1.8.2. Tunnel mode
            • 11.2.1.8.3. IPSec components
            • 11.2.1.8.4. IPSec authentication
          • 11.2.1.9. Secure Shell (SSH)
          • 11.2.1.10. Vulnerabilities in Remote Access Services (RAS)
        • 11.2.2. Email
          • 11.2.2.1. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
          • 11.2.2.2. Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)
          • 11.2.2.3. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
          • 11.2.2.4. Email vulnerabilities
            • 11.2.2.4.1. Spam
            • 11.2.2.4.2. Email hoaxes
            • 11.2.2.4.3. Email viruses
            • 11.2.2.4.4. SMTP relay
        • 11.2.3. Internet Security Concepts
          • 11.2.3.1. Securing web servers
          • 11.2.3.2. Securing web browsers
          • 11.2.3.3. Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TSL)
          • 11.2.3.4. HTTP/HTTPS
          • 11.2.3.5. Instant Messaging (IM)
          • 11.2.3.6. Vulnerabilities in Internet services
            • 11.2.3.6.1. Java Applets and JavaScript
            • 11.2.3.6.2. ActiveX
            • 11.2.3.6.3. Protecting the Internet client
            • 11.2.3.6.4. Protecting the web server
            • 11.2.3.6.5. Cookies
            • 11.2.3.6.6. Buffer overflows
            • 11.2.3.6.7. Signed applets
            • 11.2.3.6.8. Problems with signed applets
            • 11.2.3.6.9. Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
        • 11.2.4. Directory Services Security
          • 11.2.4.1. LDAP naming conventions
          • 11.2.4.2. LDAP security
        • 11.2.5. File Transfer Protocols (FTP)
          • 11.2.5.1. Blind FTP
          • 11.2.5.2. Secure FTP (S/FTP)
        • 11.2.6. Wireless Communications
          • 11.2.6.1. Wireless local area networks
            • 11.2.6.1.1. Spread spectrum wireless technology
          • 11.2.6.2. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
          • 11.2.6.3. Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
          • 11.2.6.4. IEEE 802.11
            • 11.2.6.4.1. IEEE 802.11b
            • 11.2.6.4.2. IEEE 802.11a
            • 11.2.6.4.3. IEEE 802.11g
            • 11.2.6.4.4. Ad-hoc and Infrastructure wireless networks
          • 11.2.6.5. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
          • 11.2.6.6. Authentication in wireless networks
            • 11.2.6.6.1. Open authentication
            • 11.2.6.6.2. Shared key authentication
            • 11.2.6.6.3. 802.1x authentication
          • 11.2.6.7. Types of attacks on wireless networks
          • 11.2.6.8. Protecting wireless networks from attacks
            • 11.2.6.8.1. Site surveys
      • 11.3. Infrastructure Security
        • 11.3.1. Device-based Security
          • 11.3.1.1. Firewalls
            • 11.3.1.1.1. Packet-filtering firewalls
            • 11.3.1.1.2. Application-layer firewalls
            • 11.3.1.1.3. Stateful Inspection Firewalls
          • 11.3.1.2. Routers
          • 11.3.1.3. Switches
          • 11.3.1.4. Wireless
          • 11.3.1.5. Modems
          • 11.3.1.6. Remote Access Servers (RAS)
          • 11.3.1.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
          • 11.3.1.8. Network monitoring
          • 11.3.1.9. Workstations
          • 11.3.1.10. Servers
          • 11.3.1.11. Mobile devices
        • 11.3.2. Media Security
          • 11.3.2.1. Coaxial cable
          • 11.3.2.2. Unshielded fwisted pair/shielded twisted pair (UTP/STP) cables
          • 11.3.2.3. Fiber optic cable
          • 11.3.2.4. Removable media
            • 11.3.2.4.1. Magnetic tapes
            • 11.3.2.4.2. Compact Disk-Recordable (CD-R)
            • 11.3.2.4.3. Hard drives
            • 11.3.2.4.4. Floppy disks
            • 11.3.2.4.5. Flash cards
            • 11.3.2.4.6. Smart cards
        • 11.3.3. Security Topologies
          • 11.3.3.1. Security zones
            • 11.3.3.1.1. Demilitarized zone (DMZ)
            • 11.3.3.1.2. Intranet
            • 11.3.3.1.3. Extranet
          • 11.3.3.2. Virtual local area network (VLAN)
          • 11.3.3.3. Network address translation (NAT)
          • 11.3.3.4. Tunneling
        • 11.3.4. Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
          • 11.3.4.1.
            • 11.3.4.1.1. Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS)
            • 11.3.4.1.2. Host-based IDS
            • 11.3.4.1.3. Signature based IDS
            • 11.3.4.1.4. Application protocol-based IDS
            • 11.3.4.1.5. Protocol-based IDS
            • 11.3.4.1.6. Hybrid IDS
          • 11.3.4.2. Honeypots
          • 11.3.4.3. Incident response
        • 11.3.5. Operating System Hardening
          • 11.3.5.1. Filesystems
          • 11.3.5.2. Updates
            • 11.3.5.2.1. Hotfixes
            • 11.3.5.2.2. Service Packs (SPs)
            • 11.3.5.2.3. Patches
        • 11.3.6. Network Hardening
          • 11.3.6.1.
            • 11.3.6.1.1. Updating firmware
            • 11.3.6.1.2. Configuration
            • 11.3.6.1.3. Access Control Lists (ACLs)
        • 11.3.7. Application Hardening
          • 11.3.7.1. Web servers
          • 11.3.7.2. Email servers
          • 11.3.7.3. FTP servers
          • 11.3.7.4. DNS servers
          • 11.3.7.5. NNTP servers
          • 11.3.7.6. File and print servers
            • 11.3.7.6.1. DHCP servers
          • 11.3.7.7. Data repositories
            • 11.3.7.7.1. Directory services
            • 11.3.7.7.2. Databases
      • 11.4. Basics of Cryptography
        • 11.4.1. Encryption Algorithms
          • 11.4.1.1. Symmetric algorithms
            • 11.4.1.1.1. Data Encryption Standard (DES)
            • 11.4.1.1.2. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
            • 11.4.1.1.3. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)
          • 11.4.1.2. Asymmetric algorithms
            • 11.4.1.2.1. Diffie-Hellman
            • 11.4.1.2.2. RSA
            • 11.4.1.2.3. ElGamal
          • 11.4.1.3. Hashing algorithms
        • 11.4.2. Concepts of Cryptography
          • 11.4.2.1. Confidentiality
          • 11.4.2.2. Integrity
            • 11.4.2.2.1. Digital signatures
          • 11.4.2.3. Authentication
          • 11.4.2.4. Non-repudiation
        • 11.4.3. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
          • 11.4.3.1. Certificates
            • 11.4.3.1.1. Certificate Policies (CPs)
            • 11.4.3.1.2. Certificate Practice Statements (CPSs)
          • 11.4.3.2. Trust models
            • 11.4.3.2.1. Single CA model
            • 11.4.3.2.2. Hierarchical model
            • 11.4.3.2.3. Web of trust model
          • 11.4.3.3. PKI standards and protocols
          • 11.4.3.4. Key management and certificate lifecycles
            • 11.4.3.4.1. Storage
            • 11.4.3.4.2. Escrow
            • 11.4.3.4.3. Expiration
            • 11.4.3.4.4. Revocation
            • 11.4.3.4.5. Suspension
            • 11.4.3.4.6. Recovery
            • 11.4.3.4.7. Renewal
            • 11.4.3.4.8. Destruction
            • 11.4.3.4.9. Key usage
      • 11.5. Operational and Organizational Security
        • 11.5.1. Physical Security
          • 11.5.1.1. Access control
          • 11.5.1.2. Social engineering
          • 11.5.1.3. Environment
        • 11.5.2. Disaster Recovery
          • 11.5.2.1. Backups
            • 11.5.2.1.1. Tape rotation
            • 11.5.2.1.2. Offsite storage
          • 11.5.2.2. Secure recovery
            • 11.5.2.2.1. Alternate sites
          • 11.5.2.3. Disaster recovery plan
          • 11.5.2.4. Business continuity plan
            • 11.5.2.4.1. Utilities
            • 11.5.2.4.2. High availability and fault tolerance
        • 11.5.3. Security Policies and Procedures
          • 11.5.3.1.
            • 11.5.3.1.1. Acceptable use policy
            • 11.5.3.1.2. Due care policy
            • 11.5.3.1.3. Privacy policy
            • 11.5.3.1.4. Separation of duties policy
            • 11.5.3.1.5. Need-to-know policy
            • 11.5.3.1.6. Password management policy
            • 11.5.3.1.7. Service Level Agreements (SLA)
            • 11.5.3.1.8. Disposal and destruction policy
            • 11.5.3.1.9. Human resources policies
            • 11.5.3.1.10. Code of ethics
          • 11.5.3.2. Incident response policy
        • 11.5.4. Privilege Management
          • 11.5.4.1. User/Group/Role management
          • 11.5.4.2. Single sign-on
          • 11.5.4.3. Centralized verses decentralized
          • 11.5.4.4. Auditing
          • 11.5.4.5. Mandatory Access Control/ Discretionary Access Control/Role-based Access Control (MAC/DAC/RBAC)
        • 11.5.5. Computer Forensics
          • 11.5.5.1. Chain of custody
          • 11.5.5.2. Preservation of evidence
          • 11.5.5.3. Collection of evidence
        • 11.5.6. Education and Training
          • 11.5.6.1. Communication
          • 11.5.6.2. User awareness
          • 11.5.6.3. Education
          • 11.5.6.4. Online resources
        • 11.5.7. Risk Identification
          • 11.5.7.1. Asset identification
          • 11.5.7.2. Risk assessment
          • 11.5.7.3. Threat identification
          • 11.5.7.4. Vulnerabilities
    • 12. Security+ Exam Prep and Practice
      • 12.1. Preparing for the Security+ Exam
      • 12.2. Security+ Exam Suggested Exercises
        • 12.2.1. Access Control
        • 12.2.2. Authentication
        • 12.2.3. Auditing and Logging
        • 12.2.4. System Scanning
        • 12.2.5. Disabling Non-Essential Services and Protocols
        • 12.2.6. Social Engineering Attack
        • 12.2.7. Remote Access and VPN
        • 12.2.8. Email Security
        • 12.2.9. Wireless Security
        • 12.2.10. Web Server Security
        • 12.2.11. Web Browser Security
        • 12.2.12. Demilitarized Zones
        • 12.2.13. System Hardening
        • 12.2.14. Data Backup
        • 12.2.15. Disaster Recover Plan
      • 12.3. Security+ Exam Highlighters Index
        • 12.3.1. General Security Concepts
        • 12.3.2. Communication Security
        • 12.3.3. Infrastructure Security
        • 12.3.4. Basics of Cryptography
        • 12.3.5. Operational and Organizational Security
      • 12.4. Security+ Exam Practice Questions
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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