Linux Device Drivers. 3rd Edition

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• Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Preface
    • Jons Introduction
    • Alessandro's Introduction
    • Greg's Introduction
    • Audience for This Book
    • Organization of the Material
    • Background Information
    • Online Version and License
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • We'd Like to Hear from You
    • Safari Enabled
    • Acknowledgments
      • Jon
      • Alessandro
      • Greg
  • 1. An Introduction to Device Drivers
    • 1.1. The Role of the Device Driver
    • 1.2. Splitting the Kernel
      • 1.2.1. Loadable Modules
    • 1.3. Classes of Devices and Modules
    • 1.4. Security Issues
    • 1.5. Version Numbering
    • 1.6. License Terms
    • 1.7. Joining the Kernel Development Community
    • 1.8. Overview of the Book
  • 2. Building and Running Modules
    • 2.1. Setting Up Your Test System
    • 2.2. The Hello World Module
    • 2.3. Kernel Modules Versus Applications
      • 2.3.1. User Space and Kernel Space
      • 2.3.2. Concurrency in the Kernel
      • 2.3.3. The Current Process
      • 2.3.4. A Few Other Details
    • 2.4. Compiling and Loading
      • 2.4.1. Compiling Modules
      • 2.4.2. Loading and Unloading Modules
      • 2.4.3. Version Dependency
      • 2.4.4. Platform Dependency
    • 2.5. The Kernel Symbol Table
    • 2.6. Preliminaries
    • 2.7. Initialization and Shutdown
      • 2.7.1. The Cleanup Function
      • 2.7.2. Error Handling During Initialization
      • 2.7.3. Module-Loading Races
    • 2.8. Module Parameters
    • 2.9. Doing It in User Space
    • 2.10. Quick Reference
  • 3. Char Drivers
    • 3.1. The Design of scull
    • 3.2. Major and Minor Numbers
      • 3.2.1. The Internal Representation of Device Numbers
      • 3.2.2. Allocating and Freeing Device Numbers
      • 3.2.3. Dynamic Allocation of Major Numbers
    • 3.3. Some Important Data Structures
      • 3.3.1. File Operations
      • 3.3.2. The file Structure
      • 3.3.3. The inode Structure
    • 3.4. Char Device Registration
      • 3.4.1. Device Registration in scull
      • 3.4.2. The Older Way
    • 3.5. open and release
      • 3.5.1. The open Method
      • 3.5.2. The release Method
    • 3.6. scull's Memory Usage
    • 3.7. read and write
      • 3.7.1. The read Method
      • 3.7.2. The write Method
      • 3.7.3. readv and writev
    • 3.8. Playing with the New Devices
    • 3.9. Quick Reference
  • 4. Debugging Techniques
    • 4.1. Debugging Support in the Kernel
    • 4.2. Debugging by Printing
      • 4.2.1. printk
      • 4.2.2. Redirecting Console Messages
      • 4.2.3. How Messages Get Logged
      • 4.2.4. Turning the Messages On and Off
      • 4.2.5. Rate Limiting
      • 4.2.6. Printing Device Numbers
    • 4.3. Debugging by Querying
      • 4.3.1. Using the /proc Filesystem
        • 4.3.1.1. Implementing files in /proc
        • 4.3.1.2. An older interface
        • 4.3.1.3. Creating your /proc file
        • 4.3.1.4. The seq_file interface
      • 4.3.2. The ioctl Method
    • 4.4. Debugging by Watching
    • 4.5. Debugging System Faults
      • 4.5.1. Oops Messages
      • 4.5.2. System Hangs
    • 4.6. Debuggers and Related Tools
      • 4.6.1. Using gdb
      • 4.6.2. The kdb Kernel Debugger
      • 4.6.3. The kgdb Patches
      • 4.6.4. The User-Mode Linux Port
      • 4.6.5. The Linux Trace Toolkit
      • 4.6.6. Dynamic Probes
  • 5. Concurrency and Race Conditions
    • 5.1. Pitfalls in scull
    • 5.2. Concurrency and Its Management
    • 5.3. Semaphores and Mutexes
      • 5.3.1. The Linux Semaphore Implementation
      • 5.3.2. Using Semaphores in scull
      • 5.3.3. Reader/Writer Semaphores
    • 5.4. Completions
    • 5.5. Spinlocks
      • 5.5.1. Introduction to the Spinlock API
      • 5.5.2. Spinlocks and Atomic Context
      • 5.5.3. The Spinlock Functions
      • 5.5.4. Reader/Writer Spinlocks
    • 5.6. Locking Traps
      • 5.6.1. Ambiguous Rules
      • 5.6.2. Lock Ordering Rules
      • 5.6.3. Fine- Versus Coarse-Grained Locking
    • 5.7. Alternatives to Locking
      • 5.7.1. Lock-Free Algorithms
      • 5.7.2. Atomic Variables
      • 5.7.3. Bit Operations
      • 5.7.4. seqlocks
      • 5.7.5. Read-Copy-Update
    • 5.8. Quick Reference
  • 6. Advanced Char Driver Operations
    • 6.1. ioctl
      • 6.1.1. Choosing the ioctl Commands
      • 6.1.2. The Return Value
      • 6.1.3. The Predefined Commands
      • 6.1.4. Using the ioctl Argument
      • 6.1.5. Capabilities and Restricted Operations
      • 6.1.6. The Implementation of the ioctl Commands
      • 6.1.7. Device Control Without ioctl
    • 6.2. Blocking I/O
      • 6.2.1. Introduction to Sleeping
      • 6.2.2. Simple Sleeping
      • 6.2.3. Blocking and Nonblocking Operations
      • 6.2.4. A Blocking I/O Example
      • 6.2.5. Advanced Sleeping
        • 6.2.5.1. How a process sleeps
        • 6.2.5.2. Manual sleeps
        • 6.2.5.3. Exclusive waits
        • 6.2.5.4. The details of waking up
        • 6.2.5.5. Ancient history: sleep_on
      • 6.2.6. Testing the Scullpipe Driver
    • 6.3. poll and select
      • 6.3.1. Interaction with read and write
        • 6.3.1.1. Reading data from the device
        • 6.3.1.2. Writing to the device
        • 6.3.1.3. Flushing pending output
      • 6.3.2. The Underlying Data Structure
    • 6.4. Asynchronous Notification
      • 6.4.1. The Driver's Point of View
    • 6.5. Seeking a Device
      • 6.5.1. The llseek Implementation
    • 6.6. Access Control on a Device File
      • 6.6.1. Single-Open Devices
      • 6.6.2. Restricting Access to a Single User at a Time
      • 6.6.3. Blocking open as an Alternative to EBUSY
      • 6.6.4. Cloning the Device on open
    • 6.7. Quick Reference
  • 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work
    • 7.1. Measuring Time Lapses
      • 7.1.1. Using the jiffies Counter
      • 7.1.2. Processor-Specific Registers
    • 7.2. Knowing the Current Time
    • 7.3. Delaying Execution
      • 7.3.1. Long Delays
        • 7.3.1.1. Busy waiting
        • 7.3.1.2. Yielding the processor
        • 7.3.1.3. Timeouts
      • 7.3.2. Short Delays
    • 7.4. Kernel Timers
      • 7.4.1. The Timer API
      • 7.4.2. The Implementation of Kernel Timers
    • 7.5. Tasklets
    • 7.6. Workqueues
      • 7.6.1. The Shared Queue
    • 7.7. Quick Reference
      • 7.7.1. Timekeeping
      • 7.7.2. Delays
      • 7.7.3. Kernel Timers
      • 7.7.4. Tasklets
      • 7.7.5. Workqueues
  • 8. Allocating Memory
    • 8.1. The Real Story of kmalloc
      • 8.1.1. The Flags Argument
        • 8.1.1.1. Memory zones
      • 8.1.2. The Size Argument
    • 8.2. Lookaside Caches
      • 8.2.1. A scull Based on the Slab Caches: scullc
      • 8.2.2. Memory Pools
    • 8.3. get_free_page and Friends
      • 8.3.1. A scull Using Whole Pages: scullp
      • 8.3.2. The alloc_pages Interface
    • 8.4. vmalloc and Friends
      • 8.4.1. A scull Using Virtual Addresses: scullv
    • 8.5. Per-CPU Variables
    • 8.6. Obtaining Large Buffers
      • 8.6.1. Acquiring a Dedicated Buffer at Boot Time
    • 8.7. Quick Reference
  • 9. Communicating with Hardware
    • 9.1. I/O Ports and I/O Memory
      • 9.1.1. I/O Registers and Conventional Memory
    • 9.2. Using I/O Ports
      • 9.2.1. I/O Port Allocation
      • 9.2.2. Manipulating I/O ports
      • 9.2.3. I/O Port Access from User Space
      • 9.2.4. String Operations
      • 9.2.5. Pausing I/O
      • 9.2.6. Platform Dependencies
    • 9.3. An I/O Port Example
      • 9.3.1. An Overview of the Parallel Port
      • 9.3.2. A Sample Driver
    • 9.4. Using I/O Memory
      • 9.4.1. I/O Memory Allocation and Mapping
      • 9.4.2. Accessing I/O Memory
      • 9.4.3. Ports as I/O Memory
      • 9.4.4. Reusing short for I/O Memory
      • 9.4.5. ISA Memory Below 1 MB
      • 9.4.6. isa_readb and Friends
    • 9.5. Quick Reference
  • 10. Interrupt Handling
    • 10.1. Preparing the Parallel Port
    • 10.2. Installing an Interrupt Handler
      • 10.2.1. The /proc Interface
      • 10.2.2. Autodetecting the IRQ Number
        • 10.2.2.1. Kernel-assisted probing
        • 10.2.2.2. Do-it-yourself probing
      • 10.2.3. Fast and Slow Handlers
        • 10.2.3.1. The internals of interrupt handling on the x86
    • 10.3. Implementing a Handler
      • 10.3.1. Handler Arguments and Return Value
      • 10.3.2. Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
        • 10.3.2.1. Disabling a single interrupt
        • 10.3.2.2. Disabling all interrupts
    • 10.4. Top and Bottom Halves
      • 10.4.1. Tasklets
      • 10.4.2. Workqueues
    • 10.5. Interrupt Sharing
      • 10.5.1. Installing a Shared Handler
      • 10.5.2. Running the Handler
      • 10.5.3. The /proc Interface and Shared Interrupts
    • 10.6. Interrupt-Driven I/O
      • 10.6.1. A Write-Buffering Example
    • 10.7. Quick Reference
  • 11. Data Types in the Kernel
    • 11.1. Use of Standard C Types
    • 11.2. Assigning an Explicit Size to Data Items
    • 11.3. Interface-Specific Types
    • 11.4. Other Portability Issues
      • 11.4.1. Time Intervals
      • 11.4.2. Page Size
      • 11.4.3. Byte Order
      • 11.4.4. Data Alignment
      • 11.4.5. Pointers and Error Values
    • 11.5. Linked Lists
    • 11.6. Quick Reference
  • 12. PCI Drivers
    • 12.1. The PCI Interface
      • 12.1.1. PCI Addressing
      • 12.1.2. Boot Time
      • 12.1.3. Configuration Registers and Initialization
      • 12.1.4. MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE
      • 12.1.5. Registering a PCI Driver
      • 12.1.6. Old-Style PCI Probing
      • 12.1.7. Enabling the PCI Device
      • 12.1.8. Accessing the Configuration Space
      • 12.1.9. Accessing the I/O and Memory Spaces
      • 12.1.10. PCI Interrupts
      • 12.1.11. Hardware Abstractions
    • 12.2. A Look Back: ISA
      • 12.2.1. Hardware Resources
      • 12.2.2. ISA Programming
      • 12.2.3. The Plug-and-Play Specification
    • 12.3. PC/104 and PC/104+
    • 12.4. Other PC Buses
      • 12.4.1. MCA
      • 12.4.2. EISA
      • 12.4.3. VLB
    • 12.5. SBus
    • 12.6. NuBus
    • 12.7. External Buses
    • 12.8. Quick Reference
  • 13. USB Drivers
    • 13.1. USB Device Basics
      • 13.1.1. Endpoints
      • 13.1.2. Interfaces
      • 13.1.3. Configurations
    • 13.2. USB and Sysfs
    • 13.3. USB Urbs
      • 13.3.1. struct urb
      • 13.3.2. Creating and Destroying Urbs
        • 13.3.2.1. Interrupt urbs
        • 13.3.2.2. Bulk urbs
        • 13.3.2.3. Control urbs
        • 13.3.2.4. Isochronous urbs
      • 13.3.3. Submitting Urbs
      • 13.3.4. Completing Urbs: The Completion Callback Handler
      • 13.3.5. Canceling Urbs
    • 13.4. Writing a USB Driver
      • 13.4.1. What Devices Does the Driver Support?
      • 13.4.2. Registering a USB Driver
      • 13.4.3. probe and disconnect in Detail
      • 13.4.4. Submitting and Controlling a Urb
    • 13.5. USB Transfers Without Urbs
      • 13.5.1. usb_bulk_msg
      • 13.5.2. usb_control_msg
      • 13.5.3. Other USB Data Functions
    • 13.6. Quick Reference
  • 14. The Linux Device Model
    • 14.1. Kobjects, Ksets, and Subsystems
      • 14.1.1. Kobject Basics
        • 14.1.1.1. Embedding kobjects
        • 14.1.1.2. Kobject initialization
        • 14.1.1.3. Reference count manipulation
        • 14.1.1.4. Release functions and kobject types
      • 14.1.2. Kobject Hierarchies, Ksets, and Subsystems
        • 14.1.2.1. Ksets
        • 14.1.2.2. Operations on ksets
        • 14.1.2.3. Subsystems
    • 14.2. Low-Level Sysfs Operations
      • 14.2.1. Default Attributes
      • 14.2.2. Nondefault Attributes
      • 14.2.3. Binary Attributes
      • 14.2.4. Symbolic Links
    • 14.3. Hotplug Event Generation
      • 14.3.1. Hotplug Operations
    • 14.4. Buses, Devices, and Drivers
      • 14.4.1. Buses
        • 14.4.1.1. Bus registration
        • 14.4.1.2. Bus methods
        • 14.4.1.3. Iterating over devices and drivers
        • 14.4.1.4. Bus attributes
      • 14.4.2. Devices
        • 14.4.2.1. Device registration
        • 14.4.2.2. Device attributes
        • 14.4.2.3. Device structure embedding
      • 14.4.3. Device Drivers
        • 14.4.3.1. Driver structure embedding
    • 14.5. Classes
      • 14.5.1. The class_simple Interface
      • 14.5.2. The Full Class Interface
        • 14.5.2.1. Managing classes
        • 14.5.2.2. Class devices
        • 14.5.2.3. Class interfaces
    • 14.6. Putting It All Together
      • 14.6.1. Add a Device
      • 14.6.2. Remove a Device
      • 14.6.3. Add a Driver
      • 14.6.4. Remove a Driver
    • 14.7. Hotplug
      • 14.7.1. Dynamic Devices
      • 14.7.2. The /sbin/hotplug Utility
        • 14.7.2.1. IEEE1394 (FireWire)
        • 14.7.2.2. Networking
        • 14.7.2.3. PCI
        • 14.7.2.4. Input
        • 14.7.2.5. USB
        • 14.7.2.6. SCSI
        • 14.7.2.7. Laptop docking stations
        • 14.7.2.8. S/390 and zSeries
      • 14.7.3. Using /sbin/hotplug
        • 14.7.3.1. Linux hotplug scripts
        • 14.7.3.2. udev
    • 14.8. Dealing with Firmware
      • 14.8.1. The Kernel Firmware Interface
      • 14.8.2. How It Works
    • 14.9. Quick Reference
      • 14.9.1. Kobjects
      • 14.9.2. Sysfs Operations
      • 14.9.3. Buses, Devices, and Drivers
      • 14.9.4. Classes
      • 14.9.5. Firmware
  • 15. Memory Mapping and DMA
    • 15.1. Memory Management in Linux
      • 15.1.1. Address Types
      • 15.1.2. Physical Addresses and Pages
      • 15.1.3. High and Low Memory
      • 15.1.4. The Memory Map and Struct Page
      • 15.1.5. Page Tables
      • 15.1.6. Virtual Memory Areas
        • 15.1.6.1. The vm_area_struct structure
      • 15.1.7. The Process Memory Map
    • 15.2. The mmap Device Operation
      • 15.2.1. Using remap_pfn_range
      • 15.2.2. A Simple Implementation
      • 15.2.3. Adding VMA Operations
      • 15.2.4. Mapping Memory with nopage
      • 15.2.5. Remapping Specific I/O Regions
      • 15.2.6. Remapping RAM
        • 15.2.6.1. Remapping RAM with the nopage method
      • 15.2.7. Remapping Kernel Virtual Addresses
    • 15.3. Performing Direct I/O
      • 15.3.1. Asynchronous I/O
        • 15.3.1.1. An asynchronous I/O example
    • 15.4. Direct Memory Access
      • 15.4.1. Overview of a DMA Data Transfer
      • 15.4.2. Allocating the DMA Buffer
        • 15.4.2.1. Do-it-yourself allocation
      • 15.4.3. Bus Addresses
      • 15.4.4. The Generic DMA Layer
        • 15.4.4.1. Dealing with difficult hardware
        • 15.4.4.2. DMA mappings
        • 15.4.4.3. Setting up coherent DMA mappings
        • 15.4.4.4. DMA pools
        • 15.4.4.5. Setting up streaming DMA mappings
        • 15.4.4.6. Single-page streaming mappings
        • 15.4.4.7. Scatter/gather mappings
        • 15.4.4.8. PCI double-address cycle mappings
        • 15.4.4.9. A simple PCI DMA example
      • 15.4.5. DMA for ISA Devices
        • 15.4.5.1. Registering DMA usage
        • 15.4.5.2. Talking to the DMA controller
    • 15.5. Quick Reference
      • 15.5.1. Introductory Material
      • 15.5.2. Implementing mmap
      • 15.5.3. Implementing Direct I/O
      • 15.5.4. Direct Memory Access
  • 16. Block Drivers
    • 16.1. Registration
      • 16.1.1. Block Driver Registration
      • 16.1.2. Disk Registration
        • 16.1.2.1. Block device operations
        • 16.1.2.2. The gendisk structure
      • 16.1.3. Initialization in sbull
      • 16.1.4. A Note on Sector Sizes
    • 16.2. The Block Device Operations
      • 16.2.1. The open and release Methods
      • 16.2.2. Supporting Removable Media
      • 16.2.3. The ioctl Method
    • 16.3. Request Processing
      • 16.3.1. Introduction to the request Method
      • 16.3.2. A Simple request Method
      • 16.3.3. Request Queues
        • 16.3.3.1. Queue creation and deletion
        • 16.3.3.2. Queueing functions
        • 16.3.3.3. Queue control functions
      • 16.3.4. The Anatomy of a Request
        • 16.3.4.1. The bio structure
        • 16.3.4.2. Request structure fields
        • 16.3.4.3. Barrier requests
        • 16.3.4.4. Nonretryable requests
      • 16.3.5. Request Completion Functions
        • 16.3.5.1. Working with bios
        • 16.3.5.2. Block requests and DMA
        • 16.3.5.3. Doing without a request queue
    • 16.4. Some Other Details
      • 16.4.1. Command Pre-Preparation
      • 16.4.2. Tagged Command Queueing
    • 16.5. Quick Reference
  • 17. Network Drivers
    • 17.1. How snull Is Designed
      • 17.1.1. Assigning IP Numbers
      • 17.1.2. The Physical Transport of Packets
    • 17.2. Connecting to the Kernel
      • 17.2.1. Device Registration
      • 17.2.2. Initializing Each Device
      • 17.2.3. Module Unloading
    • 17.3. The net_device Structure in Detail
      • 17.3.1. Global Information
      • 17.3.2. Hardware Information
      • 17.3.3. Interface Information
      • 17.3.4. The Device Methods
      • 17.3.5. Utility Fields
    • 17.4. Opening and Closing
    • 17.5. Packet Transmission
      • 17.5.1. Controlling Transmission Concurrency
      • 17.5.2. Transmission Timeouts
      • 17.5.3. Scatter/Gather I/O
    • 17.6. Packet Reception
    • 17.7. The Interrupt Handler
    • 17.8. Receive Interrupt Mitigation
    • 17.9. Changes in Link State
    • 17.10. The Socket Buffers
      • 17.10.1. The Important Fields
      • 17.10.2. Functions Acting on Socket Buffers
    • 17.11. MAC Address Resolution
      • 17.11.1. Using ARP with Ethernet
      • 17.11.2. Overriding ARP
      • 17.11.3. Non-Ethernet Headers
    • 17.12. Custom ioctl Commands
    • 17.13. Statistical Information
    • 17.14. Multicast
      • 17.14.1. Kernel Support for Multicasting
      • 17.14.2. A Typical Implementation
    • 17.15. A Few Other Details
      • 17.15.1. Media Independent Interface Support
      • 17.15.2. Ethtool Support
      • 17.15.3. Netpoll
    • 17.16. Quick Reference
  • 18. TTY Drivers
    • 18.1. A Small TTY Driver
      • 18.1.1. struct termios
    • 18.2. tty_driver Function Pointers
      • 18.2.1. open and close
      • 18.2.2. Flow of Data
      • 18.2.3. Other Buffering Functions
      • 18.2.4. No read Function?
    • 18.3. TTY Line Settings
      • 18.3.1. set_termios
      • 18.3.2. tiocmget and tiocmset
    • 18.4. ioctls
    • 18.5. proc and sysfs Handling of TTY Devices
    • 18.6. The tty_driver Structure in Detail
    • 18.7. The tty_operations Structure in Detail
    • 18.8. The tty_struct Structure in Detail
    • 18.9. Quick Reference
  • 19. Bibliography
    • 19.1. Books
      • 19.1.1. Linux Kernel
      • 19.1.2. Unix Design and Internals
    • 19.2. Web Sites
  • Index
  • About the Authors
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly

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