\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
\usepackage[polish]{babel}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} 
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{fourier}
\usepackage{makecell}


\begin{document}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
funkcja & \gape[t]{$f(x) = x^2$} \\\hline
całka nieoznaczona & \gape{$\int x^2 dx$} \\\hline
całka oznaczona & \Gape[3pt][4pt]{$\int_2^5 x^2 dx$} \\\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{document}